国务院新闻办公室于2024年5月29日发表《2023年美国侵犯人权报告》，全文如下：

2023年美国侵犯人权报告
The Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States in 2023

中华人民共和国
国务院新闻办公室
2024年5月
The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China
May 2024

 

目录
Contents

序言
Foreword

一、公民和政治权利沦为空谈
I. Civil and Political Rights Become Empty Talk

二、种族主义顽疾贻害深远
II. The Chronic Disease of Racism

三、经济和社会不平等日益加剧
III. Growing Economic and Social Inequality

四、妇女和儿童权利遭受持续侵犯
IV. Persistent Violations of the Rights of Women and Children

五、无证移民悲惨境遇触目惊心
V. Heart-wrenching Struggles of Undocumented Migrants

六、美式霸权制造人道主义危机
VI. American Hegemony Creates Humanitarian Crises

结语
Conclusion

序言
Foreword

2023年美国的人权状况继续恶化。在美国，人权朝着日益两极分化的方向发展。与占据政治、经济和社会支配地位的少数人相比，大多数普通民众越来越被边缘化，基本权利和自由被虚置。76%的美国人认为自己的国家正处于错误的发展方向上。
The human rights situation in the United States continued to deteriorate in 2023. In the United States, human rights are becoming increasingly polarized. While a ruling minority holds political, economic, and social dominance, the majority of ordinary people are increasingly marginalized, with their basic rights and freedoms being disregarded. A staggering 76 percent of Americans believe that their nation is in the wrong direction.

美国政党恶斗、政府失能、治理失效，公民权利和政治权利无法得到有效保障。两党难以达成控枪共识，大规模枪击事件持续高发，约4.3万人死于枪支暴力，平均每天死亡117人。警察执法滥用暴力，2023年至少1247人死于警察暴力，创2013年以来新高，执法问责制度却形同虚设。美国人口不到全球的5%，囚犯数量却占全球的25%，是名副其实的“监狱国家”。政党恶斗持续加剧，利用选区划分操弄选举，众议院两度上演“议长难产”闹剧，政府公信力继续下跌，美国民众对联邦政府的信任度仅为16%。
Political infighting, government dysfunction, and governance failure in the United States have failed to protect civil and political rights. Bipartisan consensus on gun control remains elusive, contributing to a continued surge in mass shootings. Approximately 43,000 people were killed by gun violence in 2023, averaging 117 deaths per day. Police brutality persists and at least 1247 deaths were attributed to police violence, marking a new high since 2013, yet the law enforcement accountability system remains virtually nonexistent. Taking up less than 5 percent of the global population, the United States accounts for 25 percent of global prison population,, earning the title of a "carceral state." Political infighting intensifies as parties manipulate elections through gerrymandering, leading to "Speaker crisis "for twice in the House of Representatives, further diminishing the government's credibility, with only 16 percent of Americans trusting the federal government.

美国种族主义根深蒂固，种族歧视情势严重。联合国专家指出，针对非洲裔的系统性种族主义已经渗透到美国警察部队和刑事司法系统。由于医疗服务领域存在严重的种族歧视，非洲裔孕产妇死亡率几乎是白人女性的3倍。近六成亚裔表示面临种族歧视，针对华裔科学家的“中国行动计划”贻害深远。种族主义意识形态在美国社交媒体、音乐、游戏等多平台恶性传播并跨国溢出，成为极端种族主义的主要输出国。
Deep-rooted racism persists in the United States, with cases of severe racial discrimination. United Nations experts point out that systemic racism against African Americans has permeated the U.S. police force and criminal justice system. Due to significant racial discrimination in the healthcare sector, the maternal mortality rate for African American women is nearly three times that of white women. Nearly 60 percent of Asians report facing racial discrimination, with the "China Initiative" targeting Chinese scientists having far-reaching consequences. Racist ideologies proliferate across multiple sectors such as social media, music, and gaming, and spill over across borders, making the United States a major exporter of extreme racism internationally.

美国贫富分化加剧，“工作者贫困”现象凸显，经济社会权利保障制度空转。长期以来的劳资分配差异悬殊，导致贫富差距达到1929年经济大危机以来最严重的程度。美国有1150万个低收入工薪家庭，联邦最低时薪标准自2009年以来一直没有上调，2023年1美元购买力已降至2009年的70%。低收入家庭难以支付食品、房租和能源等基本生活所需，无家可归者超过65万人，创16年来新高。“工作者贫困”使辛勤劳作者的“美国梦”破碎，导致2023年发生了21世纪以来波及范围最广的罢工潮。
The United States is witnessing intensified wealth inequality, with the phenomenon of "Work ing poor" becoming more pronounced, and the economic and social rights protection system is seen as ineffective. Long-standing disparities in the distribution of income between labor and capital have resulted in the most severe wealth gap since the Great Depression of 1929. There are 11.5 million low-income working families in the United States, but the federal minimum wage has not been raised since 2009. As of 2023, the purchasing power of one U.S. dollar has declined to 70 percent of its value in 2009. Low-income families struggle to afford basic necessities such as food, rent, and energy, leading to over 650,000 people experiencing homelessness, reaching a new high in 16 years. "Working poor" has shattered the "American Dream" for hardworking individuals, contributing to the broadest wave of strikes since the beginning of the 21st century, occurring in 2023.

美国妇女儿童权利长期遭受系统性侵犯，保障性别平等的宪法规定付之阙如，至今未批准联合国《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，而且是联合国会员国中唯一没有批准《儿童权利公约》的国家。美国参议院2023年4月否决了保障性别平等的宪法修正提案。美国每年约有5.4万名妇女因遭受怀孕歧视而失业。超过220万育龄妇女无法获得产科护理。至少有21个州命令禁止或严格限制堕胎。孕产妇死亡人数近20年来增加了一倍多。职场、校园、家庭等多领域的性暴力层出不穷。儿童的生存权与发展权堪忧。大量儿童被排除出医疗补助计划。枪支暴力成为儿童死亡的主要原因。毒品滥用在青少年群体中蔓延。46个州被发现瞒报约3.48万例寄养儿童失踪案件。
Women and children's rights in the United States have long been systematically violated, with constitutional provisions for gender equality remaining absent. The United States remains the only UN member state that has not ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In April 2023, the U.S. Senate rejected a constitutional amendment to guarantee gender equality. In the United States, approximately 54,000 women lose their jobs annually due to pregnancy discrimination. Over 2.2 million women of childbearing age cannot access maternity care. At least 21 states have enacted bans or strict restrictions on abortion. Maternal mortality has more than doubled in the past two decades. Sexual violence is rampant in workplaces, schools, and homes. Children's rights to survival and development are in jeopardy, with many children excluded from healthcare assistance programs. Gun violence remains a leading cause of child deaths, and drug abuse is rampant among youth. Forty-six states have been found to underreport around 34,800 cases of missing foster children.

美国是一个在历史和现实中均受益于移民的国家，却存在严重的排斥和歧视移民问题。从1882年臭名昭著的“排华法案”到2017年广受国际社会谴责的“禁穆令”，排斥与歧视移民的做法已深嵌于美国制度结构中。如今，移民问题成为党争逐利与政治“甩锅”的工具，政客们对移民的个人权利和福祉弃之不顾，移民政策被简单复制为“你赞成我就反对”的党派决裂立场，最终沦为利用选民的政治作秀。移民乱局陷入无解的恶性循环，移民及儿童遭受大规模逮捕、人口贩运与剥削等残酷对待。政治极化及美式人权的虚伪本质在移民问题上表现得淋漓尽致。
The United States, a country that has historically and presently benefited from immigration, faces severe issues of exclusion and discrimination against immigrants. Practices of exclusion and discrimination against immigrants have been deeply ingrained in the U.S. institutional structure, from the infamous Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 to the internationally condemned “Muslim Ban” in 2017. Today, the immigration issue has become a tool for partisan gain and political blame-shifting, with politicians disregarding the individual rights and welfare of immigrants. Immigration policies are simplified into partisan positions of "If you support, I oppose," ultimately becoming political theatrics to manipulate voters. The immigration crisis falls into a vicious cycle, with immigrants and children subjected to widespread arrests, human trafficking, and exploitation. The hypocrisy of political polarization and the hypocritical nature of American human rights are glaringly evident in the immigration issue.

美国长期奉行霸权主义，推行强权政治，滥用武力和单边制裁。持续向他国输送集束弹药等武器，加剧区域紧张局势和地区武装冲突，造成大量平民伤亡和严重人道主义危机。大肆实施“外国代理人”行动，破坏他国社会稳定，侵犯他国人权。至今不肯关闭关塔那摩监狱。
The United States has long pursued hegemonism, practiced power politics, and abused force and unilateral sanctions. Continuous delivery of weapons such as cluster munitions to other countries exacerbates regional tensions and armed conflicts, resulting in a large number of civilian casualties and severe humanitarian crises. Extensive "proxy forces" operations undermine social stability and violate the human rights of other nations. Guantanamo Bay prison remains open to this day.

一、公民和政治权利沦为空谈
I. Civil and Political Rights Become Empty Talk

美国枪支暴力造成惨痛生命代价，政党恶斗导致难以达成控枪共识。政府滥用权力监控公民隐私，警察暴力愈演愈烈，警察执法问责制度形同虚设。政治极化持续加剧，选举操弄肆意横行，政府公信力继续下跌。
Gun violence in the United States takes a terrible toll on human lives, and vicious political party infighting leads to difficulties in achieving consensus on gun control. The government has abused its power to monitor citizens' privacy, police violence has intensified, and the system of police accountability for law enforcement is in vain. Political polarization continues to intensify, election manipulation is rampant, and the credibility of the government continues to decline.

枪支暴力造成惨痛生命代价。数据显示，美国所有类型的枪支暴力事件都呈上升趋势。（注1）根据“枪支暴力档案”网站统计的数据，2023年美国至少发生了654起大规模枪击事件。枪支暴力导致近4.3万人死亡，平均每天死亡117人。（注2）例如，美国广播公司新闻网站2023年10月28日报道，缅因州发生大规模枪击事件，造成至少18人死亡，13人受伤。（注3）《今日美国报》网站2023年12月6日报道，拉斯维加斯3名大学教授被一名前同事枪杀。美国大学教授协会主席艾琳·马尔维称，枪支暴力是“不可接受的国家威胁”，敦促美国政府进行枪支政策改革。（注4）美国与枪支有关的伤亡人数激增，引发联合国人权事务委员会的严重关切。（注5）
Gun violence inflicts a painful toll on human lives. The data shows that all types of gun violence are on the rise in the United States. According to the Gun Violence Archive, there were at least 654 mass shootings in the United States in 2023. Gun violence is responsible for nearly 43,000 deaths, an average of 117 per day. For example, the ABC News website reported on Oct. 28, 2023, that a mass shooting in Maine killed at least 18 people and wounded 13 others. The USA Today website reported on Dec. 6, 2023, that three college professors in Las Vegas were shot dead by a former colleague. Irene Mulvey, president of the American Association of University Professors, called gun violence an "unacceptable national menace" and urged the U.S. government to reform gun policy. A spike in gun-related injuries and deaths in the United States raises serious concerns for the UN Human Rights Committee.

枪支暴力危害外溢。美国枪支泛滥导致枪支走私行为在周边国家愈演愈烈，给当地民众生命安全与地区稳定带来巨大危害。墨西哥政府数据显示，每年有超过50万支枪从美国走私流入墨西哥。（注6）2014年至2018年间墨西哥暴力犯罪现场收缴的枪支超过70%来自美国。（注7）拉丁美洲“犯罪洞察”组织2022年的调查报告显示，从美国流入加勒比地区的非法枪支导致该地区的谋杀犯罪率不断升高。（注8）
Gun violence spills over. The proliferation of guns in the United States has led to the intensification of gun smuggling in neighboring countries, which has brought great harm to the lives of local people and regional stability. Mexican government figures show that more than half a million guns are smuggled into Mexico from the United States each year. More than 70 percent of guns seized at violent crime scenes in Mexico between 2014 and 2018 came from the United States. According to a 2022 report by InSight Crime, the flow of illegal guns from the United States into the Caribbean has led to a rising murder rate in the region.

政党恶斗导致难以达成控枪共识。联合国人权事务委员会呼吁美国采取一切必要措施有效保护生命权，防止和减少枪支暴力。（注9）皮尤研究中心网站2023年6月28日发布的调查报告显示，枪支暴力被广泛认为是一个重大且日益严重的国家问题，58%的受访者赞成更严格的枪支管控法律，超过60%的美国成年人认为枪支暴力是当今美国的重大国家问题。（注10）然而美国政客罔顾国际社会与国内民众控枪呼声，只顾金钱和政治私利，使美国的枪支泛滥长期得不到有效控制。半岛电视台专栏作家贝伦·费尔南德斯在《美国的枪支暴力：资本主义就是祸首》一文中认为，“美国是一个将利润置于人民之上的国家”。布法罗超市枪击案、尤瓦尔迪小学枪击案、高地公园游行枪击案等一连串造成大量人员伤亡的枪击事件已经定义了美国的生活。美国枪支制造巨头史密斯-韦森公司仅2021年就通过销售突击式步枪（大规模枪击事件中经常出现的凶器）赚取了至少1.25亿美元。（注11）美国宪法学者、杜克大学法学院教授约瑟夫·布洛彻认为，政治博弈极大地损害了制定有效立法以遏制美国枪支暴力的努力。（注12）即使大规模枪击事件频发，两党也不太可能在制定枪支管控具体措施上达成新的共识。在党争极化与利益集团推动下，越来越多的州政府主动推动立法以扩大居民拥有与携带枪支的权利。2023年美国至少有27个州不需要许可证就可携带手枪。（注13）枪支暴力痼疾难消，政府管控政策不力，最终付出的是普通民众的生命代价。
Political party infighting leads to difficulties in achieving consensus on gun control. The UN Human Rights Committee calls on the United States to take all necessary measures to effectively protect the right to life and prevent and reduce gun violence. According to a survey report released on the website of the Pew Research Center on June 28, 2023, gun violence is widely recognized as a major and growing national problem, with 58 percent of respondents in favor of stricter gun control laws and more than 60 percent of American adults believing that gun violence is a major national problem in the United States today. However, American politicians ignore the international community and the domestic public's call for gun control, only for money and political self-interest, so that the proliferation of guns in the United States can not be effectively controlled for a long time. In her article "U.S. gun violence: Capitalism is the culprit," Al Jazeera columnist Belen Fernandez argues that the United States "is entirely predicated on putting profits over people." The Buffalo supermarket shooting, the Uvalde Elementary School shooting, the Highland Park parade shooting and other mass shootings have defined American life. U.S. gun manufacturing giant Smith & Wesson Brands earned at least 125 million U.S. dollars in 2021 alone from sales of assault-style rifles, the weapons often used in mass shootings. Joseph Blocher, an American constitutional scholar and professor at Duke University Law School, argues that political jockeying has greatly harmed efforts to enact effective legislation to curb gun violence in the United States. Even with the frequency of mass shootings, it is unlikely that there will be a new bipartisan consensus to enact specific gun control measures. Driven by partisan polarization and interest groups, a growing number of state governments have taken the initiative to push legislation to expand residents' rights to own and bear arms. In 2023, at least 27 states will not require a license to carry a handgun. The chronic disease of gun violence, and inadequate government control policies, ultimately took a heavy toll on ordinary people's lives.

政府滥用权力监控公民隐私。联合国人权事务委员会指出，美国《涉外情报监视法》第702条的范围过于宽泛，该法不仅允许美国执法人员监视外国人的电子通信，执法人员还可能利用法律漏洞在没有搜查令的情况下获取大量美国公民的通讯信息（即“后门搜查”），并且缺乏明确透明的监督机制。（注14）美国众议院情报委员会2023年11月16日发布的报告显示，美国联邦调查局将《涉外情报监视法》第702条规定转用于进行国内监控，“广泛而持续地”监控国会议员、国会竞选活动捐助者以及反种族主义抗议者的通讯。（注15）布伦南司法中心网站2023年11月20日报道，十几年来，纽约警察局滥用社交媒体从事非法活动，包括监视公共集会、在没有证据的情况下跟踪公民个人及其联系人等，而这些行为并未受到监督和问责。（注16）
The government abused its power to monitor citizens' privacy. The UN Human Rights Committee remains concerned at the overly broad scope of Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, which not only allows U.S. law enforcement officials to monitor the electronic communications of foreigners, but also allows law enforcement officials to take advantage of legal loopholes to obtain large amounts of U.S. citizens' communications without a warrant (known as "backdoor searches"), and lacks a clear and transparent oversight mechanism. A report released by the House Intelligence Committee on Nov. 16, 2023, revealed that the FBI redirected Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act to conduct domestic surveillance, "persistent and widespread" monitoring of the communications of members of the Congress, congressional campaign donors, and anti-racist protesters. The Brennan Center for Justice website reported on Nov.20, 2023, that for more than a decade, the New York Police Department has abused social media to engage in illegal activities, including surveillance of public gatherings and tracking of individual citizens and their contacts without evidence, without oversight or accountability.

宗教不容忍问题恶化。宗教偏见是美国社会长期存在的问题。近年来，由宗教不容忍引起的犯罪数量持续增加。美国联邦调查局2023年10月发布的仇恨犯罪统计显示，2022年美国基于宗教的仇恨犯罪事件高达2042起。（注17）美国伊斯兰关系委员会2023年4月发布报告称，2022年度共收到5156份涉及对穆斯林歧视的投诉，主要关乎就业歧视、教育歧视和执法不公，其中与教育相关的投诉案件比2021年增加了63%。（注18）
The problem of religious intolerance has worsened. Religious prejudice is a long-standing problem in American society. In recent years, the number of crimes caused by religious intolerance has continued to increase. According to hate crime statistics released by the FBI in Oct. 2023, there were as many as 2,042 incidents of religious-based hate crimes in the United States in 2022. According to a report released by the Council on American-Islamic Relations in April 2023, a total of 5,156 complaints of discrimination against Muslims were received in 2022, mainly related to employment discrimination, education discrimination and unfair law enforcement, of which education-related complaints increased by 63 percent over 2021.

言论和表达自由受到压制。美国政府当局、政治人物、执法官员等对媒体机构和记者的骚扰、恐吓、威胁和攻击，受到联合国人权事务委员会关注。以得克萨斯州、佛罗里达州、密苏里州、犹他州和南卡罗来纳州为代表，越来越多的州通过立法颁布禁令，禁止公立学校使用涉及种族、历史、性别等特定主题的教育材料和书籍。（注19）面对激增的审查制度，个人权利和言论基金会的立法政策主任乔·科恩“深感不安”。根据该基金会的追踪调查，在美国大学校园里，教职员工因言论或表达而受到惩罚或解雇的数量创20年来新高。美联社2023年3月15日报道，艺术家卡特里娜·马吉库特在爱达荷州刘易斯顿一所公立学校举办展出，用刺绣作品展示慢性病、毒品等医疗保健问题。这一展出遭到审查并被移除，理由是涉嫌与该州“禁止堕胎公共资金法案”相抵触。与之类似，艺术家莉迪亚·诺布尔斯制作的4部展现女性堕胎经历的纪录作品也被删除。（注20）
Freedom of speech and expression is suppressed. The harassment, intimidation, threats and attacks against media organizations and journalists by U.S. government authorities, politicians and law enforcement officials have drawn the attention of the UN Human Rights Committee. Led by Texas, Florida, Missouri, Utah and South Carolina, a growing number of states have passed legislation banning public schools from using educational materials and books that address specific topics such as race, history and gender. Joe Cohn, legislative and policy director with the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, said the proliferating censorship is "deeply troubling." According to the foundation's tracking survey, the number of faculty members punished or fired for speech and expression on U.S. college campuses has reached a 20-year high. The Associated Press reported on March 15, 2023, that Katrina Majkut, an artist, used embroidery to illustrate chronic illness, drugs and other health care issues at a state school in Lewiston, Idaho. The display was censored and removed for allegedly violating the state's No Public Funds for Abortion Act. Similarly, four documentary video and audio works by another artist, Lydia Nobles, that showed women talking about their own experiences with abortion were also removed.

警察滥用暴力致死人数创下新高。布伦南司法中心网站2023年2月3日发表的《终结警察暴力文化》文章指出，美国的国家安全大厦是建立在制度性暴力的文化和传统之上的。（注21）美国警察滥用武力执法问题突出，但大多执法部门拒绝公布使用武力的数据。“警察暴力地图”网站的数据显示，美国警察2023年至少杀害了1247人，创该组织自2013年开始全国追踪以来的最高纪录。（注22）这意味着平均每天至少有3人被警察杀害。
Deaths from police brutality have hit a record high. The article "Ending the Culture of Police Violence," published on the website of the Brennan Center for Justice on Feb. 3, 2023, pointed out that the U.S. security edifice is built upon a culture and inheritance of institutional violence. The problem of excessive use of force by police is prominent in the United States, but most law enforcement departments refuse to release the data on the use of force. According to Mapping Police Violence, police in the United States killed at least 1,247 people last year, the highest number of killings since its national tracking began in 2013, which means an average of roughly three people killed by officers each day.

警察执法问责制度形同虚设。加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校公共政策与政治学教授艾米·莱尔曼和霍普金斯大学政治学教授维斯拉·韦弗合著的《逮捕公民：美国犯罪控制的民主后果》一书指出，美国警察部门一贯排斥公民对其执法行为合法性的质疑，对警察违法行为进行责任追究的机制形同虚设。（注23）华盛顿大学学者伊芙·伍尔和莫森·纳哈维在国际医学期刊《柳叶刀》发表论文指出，美国疾病控制与预防中心的官方死亡统计数据库中，超过一半的警察杀人事件被错误地标记为“一般凶杀或自杀”。（注24）《纽约时报》网站2023年1月31日报道指出，美国警察内务部门往往更热衷于为同僚开脱罪责，而非对不当行为开展调查，致使警察难以受到追责。警察工会不遗余力地攻击批评者，为不良行为者开脱。（注25）
The accountability system for police law enforcement is in vain. In the book “Arresting Citizenship: The Democratic Consequences of American Crime Control,” Amy Lerman, professor of Public Policy and Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley and Vesla Weaver, professor of Political Science and Sociology at Johns Hopkins University stated that American police departments have always detested citizens questioning the legality of their law enforcement actions, and the mechanism for holding police accountable for illegal acts is virtually useless. In a paper published on The Lancet, Eve Wool and Mohsen Naghavi, two scholars from University of Washington, said that more than half of police killings have been incorrectly labeled as "general homicide or suicide" in CDC’s official death statistics database. According to a report of The New York Times on Jan. 31, 2023, internal-affairs departments are often more interested in exonerating colleagues than investigating misconduct, and police unions do everything they can to shield bad actors, attack critics and secure more due process for cops accused of abuse than their victims ever get.

大规模监禁与强迫劳动问题突出。美国人口不到全球的5%，但囚犯占全球在押囚犯的25%，是全世界监禁率最高，同时也是监禁人数最多的国家。（注26）美国公共政策智库“监狱政策倡议”2023年10月发布的《关于美国大规模监禁及其影响的10项统计数据》报告显示，每天都有约200万人被关押在美国联邦和各州的监所及移民拘留设施，还有约370万人受到缓刑和假释等社区监督。（注27）芝加哥大学法学院与美国公民自由联盟2023年6月发布的报告显示，美国监狱劳工每年创造价值数十亿美元的商品与服务，大部分州付给囚犯的时薪仅为美国联邦最低工资标准的2%至3%，部分州甚至不会有任何报酬。（注28）“监狱政策倡议”组织2023年3月14日报道，囚犯在美国监狱的工作是强制性的，被监禁的“工人”几乎没有权利和保护。监狱强迫囚犯以低薪或无薪、无福利的方式工作，同时向他们收取必需品费用，使监狱能够将监禁成本转移到被监禁者身上。（注29）
The issue of mass incarceration and forced labor is prominent. The United States is home to 5 percent of the world’s population, but 25 percent of the world’s prisoners, making it the country with the highest incarceration rate and the largest number of incarcerated individuals globally. According to the report “Ten statistics about the scale and impact of mass incarceration in the United States” by the U.S. policy think tank Prison Policy Initiative in October 2023, on any given day, about 2 million people in the United States are locked up in federal and state prisons and immigration detention facilities. 3.7 million people are held under community supervision such as probation and parole. The report released in June 2023 by the University of Chicago Law School and the American Civil Liberties Union reveals that incarcerated workers in the United States generate billions of dollars' worth of goods and services annually. However, in most states, the hourly wages paid to prisoners amount to only 2-3 percent of the federal minimum wage standard, with some states providing no compensation at all. According to a report by the Prison Policy Initiative released on March 14, 2023, prisoners’ work in U.S. prisons is mandatory, and incarcerated "workers" have almost no rights or protections. Prisons force inmates to work for low or no pay, without benefits, while also charging them fees for necessities, allowing prisons to shift the costs of incarceration onto the incarcerated individuals.

党争恶斗持续加剧。美国两党间争斗激烈，两党内部也陷入了碎片极化乱象的僵局。2023年1月，第118届美国国会开幕当天，众议院便遭遇“议长难产”危机。经过15轮拉锯式投票之后，众议院才选出新议长。2023年4月，田纳西州议会将议员贾斯汀·琼斯和贾斯汀·皮尔逊驱逐，理由是他们在一起校园枪击事件发生后，声援当地民众呼吁加强枪支管控的示威，引发政坛一片哗然。2023年10月初，由于在新财年拨款等重大问题上无法达成共识，众议院议长遭遇了史无前例的罢免。随后，众议院再次上演了比9个月前更疯狂的“议长难产”闹剧。两党议员不顾美国联邦财政支出临时拨款即将到期、联邦政府面临关门危机的实际情况，对议长职位进行了22天的争夺。由于没有议长，众议院处于停摆状态，从而中断了美国正常政治议程。英国《经济学人》周刊网站2023年12月28日发表文章回顾2023年美国政坛的乱象。文章评论称，由于政党忙于内斗，2023年的美国国会没有通过多少立法，堪称自美国内战以来效率最低的国会，“这一年的立法亮点或许是《鸭票现代化法案》”（该法案的主要内容是对一项法律条款作出修改，使候鸟狩猎许可电子化）。（注30）
The partisan strife in the United States has been intensifying. The intense struggle between the two parties in the United States has led to a deadlock characterized by internal fragmentation and polarization. On the opening day of the 118th U.S. Congress in January 2023, the House of Representatives faced a "Speaker crisis." It took 15 rounds of tug-of-war voting before a new Speaker was elected. In April 2023, the Tennessee State Legislature expelled representatives Justin Jones and Justin Pearson for supporting local calls for strengthening gun control measures following a campus shooting incident, sparking uproar in the political arena. In early October 2023, due to the inability to reach consensus on significant issues such as funding for the new fiscal year, the Speaker of the House was ousted in an unprecedented recall vote. Subsequently, the House witnessed a more frantic repeat of the "Speaker crisis" from nine months prior. Despite the imminent expiration of temporary federal funding and the looming government shutdown crisis, lawmakers from both parties engaged in a 22-day struggle for the Speaker position. With no Speaker in place, the House remained in a state of deadlock, disrupting the normal political agenda of the United States. On Dec. 28, 2023, British magazine The Economist published an article reviewing the chaos in the American political arena in 2023. The article commented that there was a lot of attention on the long-running Republican civil war in the House in 2023, but not a lot of legislation made it through Congress and to the president’s desk, and in fact by some measures, it was the least productive Congress since the actual civil war. “Perhaps the legislative highlight of the year was the Duck Stamp Modernisation Act,” it said. (The main content of this stamp is to modify a legal provision to digitize permits for migratory bird hunting.)

两党继续操弄选举。美国金钱政治盛行，选举烧钱规模膨胀。公开数据显示，2023年参与肯塔基州州长选举的民主、共和两党候选人仅用于竞选广告的开支就达到9100万美元，超过2019年上一次州长选举竞选广告花费的3倍以上，是2023年最昂贵的选举。（注31）美国两党持续变换花样操弄选区重划，为党争私利而扭曲普通民意表达。普林斯顿大学“杰利蝾螈”项目对美国2021年开始的选区重新划分实证研究显示，美国有16个州在国会选区划分上存在明显的操弄表现，其中12个州为“整体上严重操弄选区的州”。（注32）2023年，纽约、佛罗里达、佐治亚、北卡罗来纳等多个州相继高调进行了具有明显党派利益色彩的国会众议院选区重划，直接涉及超过五分之一的国会众议院席位的政党归属。在纽约州的26个国会众议院席位当中，2022年选举后民主党占据15席、共和党占据11席，但按照民主党主导的2023年重新划分选区的新地图，民主党在维持15席的同时还可以在共和党控制席位的至少6个选区中形成足够强有力的竞争。北卡罗来纳州两党对14个国会众议院席位目前大体平分秋色，但按照共和党在2023年重新划分选区后的安排，共和党至少可以维持10个选区即10席的控制权。（注33）
The two parties continue to manipulate the election. Money politics prevails in the United States, and the scale of burning money in elections expands. According to public data, in the gubernatorial elections of Kentucky in 2023, the candidates of the two parties spent 91 million U.S. dollars on campaign advertisements alone, which was more than three times in 2019, making it the most expensive election in 2023. The two parties continue to change their ways to manipulate the redistricting and distort public opinion for the sake of party self-interest. Princeton University's "Gerrymandering Project" of the U.S. redistricting since 2021 shows that there are 16 states that have significant manipulation of congressional district boundaries, and 12 of them are states with serious manipulation of districts as a whole. In 2023, New York, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and other states have successively carried out high-profile congressional House redistricting with obvious partisan interests, directly involving the party affiliation of more than one-fifth of the congressional House seats. New York's congressional delegation is made up of 15 Democrats and 11 Republicans after the 2022 election. However, under the new Democratic-led redistricting map in 2023, Democrats could maintain 15 seats while still having an edge in up to six districts currently held by Republicans. North Carolina's 14-member congressional delegation was split between seven Democrats and seven Republicans, but under the voting lines adopted by state lawmakers in 2023, the GOP is favored to win in 10 districts while Democrats are favored in three.

政府公信力继续下跌。美国广大普通民众对联邦以及各级政府极度失望，多数认为美国正处于错误的发展方向。皮尤研究中心的调查数据显示，美国民众对联邦政府的信任度长期处于历史低位，2023年仅为16%。（注34）盖洛普民调机构逐月调查的结果显示，2023年1月至12月，有76%至81%的美国民众对国家发展态势表示不满意。（注35）此外，76%的美国人认为自己国家正处于错误的发展方向，认为美国处于正确发展方向者仅为23%。（注36）美国年轻群体对民主政治实践普遍不满。根据美利坚大学政治经济研究所2023年的调查，18岁至34岁受访者中，48%的人认为美国政治制度更多地阻碍他们实现美国梦。（注37）美国年轻人对政党政治疏离，投票意愿不高。塔夫茨大学发布的研究显示，2022年美国国会中期选举中，全国范围内年轻选民的投票率仅为23%。（注38）
Government credibility continues to fall. The general public in the United States is extremely disappointed with the federal government at all levels, and most of them think that the United States is in the wrong direction. According to the survey data of Pew Research Center, the U.S. public trust in government has been near historical lows and stood at 16 percent in 2023. Gallup surveys show from January to December, 2023, at most 81 percent and at least 76 percent of Americans expressed dissatisfaction with the way things are going in the country. According to Ipsos poll, 76 percent of Americans believe the country is headed in the wrong direction. Only 23 percent think the country is headed in the right direction. There is widespread dissatisfaction among young Americans with the practice of democratic politics. According to a 2023 survey by the Sine Institute of Policy and Politics at American University, 48 percent young Americans (aged 18-34) say the U.S. political system does more to prevent them from achieving the American Dream. Young Americans are alienated from party politics and less likely to vote. According to a study released by Tufts University, the turnout of young voters nationwide in the 2022 midterm elections was only 23 percent.

二、种族主义顽疾贻害深远
II. The Chronic Disease of Racism

联合国人权事务委员会指出，美国的种族主义至今仍以种族定型、警察杀人以及许多侵犯人权的形式存在。美国少数族裔面临系统性、持续性、全面性的种族歧视，种族主义意识形态在美国社会广泛流行并向国际社会恶性传播。
The UN Human Rights Committee noted that racism in the United States still exists today in the form of racial profiling, police killings and numerous human rights violations. Ethnic minorities in the United States face systematic, persistent and comprehensive racial discrimination, and racist ideology is widely prevalent in the American society and spreads to the international community.

非洲裔在执法领域面临严重种族歧视。2023年1月3日，洛杉矶31岁的非洲裔男子基南·安德森涉嫌交通肇事，警方在制服他的过程中使用电击枪击中其6次，致其心脏病发，送医不治身亡。（注39）2023年1月7日，田纳西州孟菲斯市的警察以“鲁莽驾驶”为由将29岁的非洲裔男子泰尔·尼科尔斯拦下，并对其进行长达数分钟的残忍殴打。三天后尼科尔斯因伤势过重去世，而事后的调查无法证实警察关于其“鲁莽驾驶”的说法。（注40）这两起非洲裔遭受警察暴力执法身亡案例引发多名联合国专家的高度关注。专家们强调，在两起事件中，警察使用的武力违反保护生命权，禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的国际准则，也不符合联合国《执法人员行为守则》和《执法人员使用武力和火器的基本原则》。（注41）联合国人权理事会在执法工作中推进种族正义和平等的国际独立专家机制在对美国实地访问后发布报告指出，针对非洲裔的系统性种族主义已经渗透到美国警察队伍和刑事司法系统。非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性是白人的3倍，被监禁的可能性是白人的4.5倍。在每年1000多起警察杀人案件中，只有1%的涉事警察被指控。报告警告说，美国如果不按照国际标准改革警察使用武力的规则，许多杀戮将继续发生。（注42）
African Americans face serious racial discrimination in law enforcement. On January 3, 2023, Keenan Anderson, a 31-year-old African American man in Los Angeles, was suspected of a traffic accident. The police shot him six times with taser in the process of subduing him, causing him to have a heart attack and die in hospital. Four days later in Memphis, Tennessee, police pulled over 29-year-old African American Tyre Nichols for "reckless driving" and brutally beat him for several minutes. Nichols died of the injuries three days later, however, investigators said they were "unable to substantiate" the claim that he was driving recklessly. These two cases of African Americans being killed by police violence have aroused the high concern of several UN experts. The experts stressed that in both cases, the use of force by the police violated international norms protecting the right to life and prohibiting torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as well as the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials and the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials. The UN International Independent Expert Mechanism to Advance Racial Justice and Equality in the Context of Law Enforcement, after an official visit to the United States, has said "systemic racism against people of African descent pervades America's police forces and criminal justice system." Black people in America are three times more likely to be killed by police than whites, and 4.5 times more likely to be incarcerated, it said. Of the more than 1,000 cases of killings by police each year, only 1 percent result in officers being charged. If use of force regulations in the United States are not reformed in accordance with international standards, many of these killings will continue, the UN body warned.

针对非洲裔的仇恨犯罪频发。美联社2023年8月29日报道，一名戴着面具的白人男子在佛罗里达州杰克逊维尔开枪打死3名非洲裔美国人，枪手发表种族主义言论后自杀。（注43）《今日美国报》网站2023年8月29日报道，多起针对非洲裔的枪击案发生后，非洲裔愈发感到不安。众议院国土安全委员会原主席本尼·汤普森指出，包括杰克逊维尔枪击案在内的种族袭击，凸显了针对非洲裔社区日益增长的暴力趋势。（注44）美国联邦调查局2023年10月发布的仇恨犯罪统计显示，2022年美国针对非洲裔的仇恨犯罪事件高达3424起。（注45）加利福尼亚州检察长办公室2023年6月27日发布的报告显示，该州针对非洲裔的仇恨犯罪事件从2021年的513起增加至2022年的652起，增加了27.1%。（注46）
Hate crimes against African Americans are frequent. The Associated Press reported on August 29, 2023, that a white man wearing a mask gunned down three African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida. The shooter, who had posted racist writings, then killed himself. On the same day, the USA Today website reported that after a number of shootings targeting African Americans, African Americans became increasingly panic. Rep. Bennie Thompson, who served as former chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee, said racial attacks, including the shooting in Jacksonville, were part of a growing trend of violence against Black communities. According to hate crime data released by the FBI in October 2023, there were 3,424 hate crimes against African Americans in the United States in 2022. A report released by the office of the Attorney General of State of California Department of Justice on June 27, 2023, showed that hate crimes targeting Black people increased 27.1 percent from 513 in 2021 to 652 in 2022.

非洲裔在医疗领域面临严重种族不平等。联合国人口基金2023年7月发布的报告显示，由于医疗保健体系中存在系统性种族主义，美国非洲裔孕产妇死亡率高于所有其他族裔和群体。（注47）根据美国疾病控制与预防中心的数据，每10万名怀孕或分娩期间的非洲裔孕妇中有69.9人死亡，几乎是白人女性的3倍，并且这种差异在不同教育与收入水平的非洲裔妇女群体中都普遍存在。（注48）美国非洲裔婴儿的死亡率也是所有族裔中最高的，每1000名活产婴儿中有近11人死亡，大约是平均死亡率的2倍。（注49）
People of African descent face significant racial inequalities in healthcare. A report released by the UN Population Fund in July 2023 revealed that African American maternal mortality rates were higher than all other ethnicities and groups due to systemic racism in the healthcare system. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 69.9 out of every 100,000 pregnant women of African descent die during pregnancy or childbirth, almost three times the rate for white women, and this disparity is prevalent across African American women of varying levels of education and income. African American newborns also have the highest mortality rate of any ethnic group, with nearly 11 deaths per 1,000 live births, about twice the average rate.

对非洲裔种族迫害的赔偿遥遥无期。美国南北战争结束不久后，美国政府承诺向曾被奴役的每一个非洲裔家庭进行赔偿，但一百多年来这一承诺从未兑现。1989年，美国众议院非洲裔议员约翰·科尼尔斯提出“研究和制定非洲裔美国人赔偿提案委员会法案”（H.R.40法案），但这一法案数十年来从未进入过国会表决程序。（注50）1921年，美国俄克拉何马州塔尔萨地区发生针对非洲裔的种族屠杀事件，导致数百人遇害。为塔尔萨大屠杀最后3位已知幸存者争取赔偿的诉讼仍未定案，而其中年龄最低的幸存者休斯·范·埃利斯已于2023年10月去世。（注51）皮尤研究中心2023年8月10日发表的报告显示，83%的非洲裔美国人表示，美国政府所做的确保平等的努力还远远不够。（注52）许多不满美国政治和种族歧视的非洲裔选择离开。离开美国的非洲裔在葡萄牙、加纳、哥伦比亚和墨西哥等地建立了新的社区，这已然成为一种名为“Blaxit”的潮流（“Black”和“exit”的结合），并在社交媒体上广泛流传。他们高呼：“美国配不上我！”（注53）
Reparations for the racial persecution of people of African descent are far from certain. Shortly after the end of the Civil War, the U.S. government promised reparations to every African American family that had been enslaved, but for more than 100 years that promise was never fulfilled. In 1989, John Conyers, an African American member of the U.S. House of Representatives, introduced "the Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act" (H.R. 40), but for decades, that bill never reached the floor of Congress for a vote. In 1921, a genocide against African Americans in Tulsa, Oklahoma of the United States, resulted in the deaths of hundreds of people. A lawsuit seeking compensation for the last three known survivors of the Tulsa Race Massacre is still pending, and Hughes Van Ellis, the youngest of the survivors, died in October 2023. A report released by the Pew Research Center on Aug. 10, 2023 showed that 83 percent of African Americans said the U.S. government had not done enough to ensure racial equality. Many people of African descent who were dissatisfied with American politics and racial discrimination chose to leave. Those who left the United States have established new communities in Portugal, Ghana, Colombia, and Mexico, which has become a trend known as "Blaxit," a combination of "Black" and "exit," and has been widely circulated on social media. They chant: "America does not deserve me!"

对亚裔的歧视变本加厉。皮尤研究中心2023年11月30日发布的调查结果显示，近60%的亚裔美国人表示，他们因种族或族裔面临歧视。（注54）美联社参与的调查发现，51%的亚裔和太平洋岛民认为种族主义在美国是一个“极端”或“非常严重”的问题。（注55）哥伦比亚大学社会工作学院与非政府组织“百人会”2023年4月27日联合发布的调查报告显示，有近四分之三的华裔美国人在近1年中遭受过种族歧视，55%的华裔美国人担心仇恨犯罪或骚扰危及人身安全。（注56）
Discrimination against Asians has intensified. A Pew Research Center survey released on Nov. 30, 2023 showed that nearly 60 percent of Asian Americans said they had faced discrimination because of their race or ethnicity. A survey released by the Associated Press found that 51 percent of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders believed that racism was an "extremely" or "very serious" problem in the United States. A survey released on April 27, 2023 by the Columbia University's School of Social Work and Committee of 100, a non-governmental organization, showed that nearly three quarters of Chinese Americans had experienced racial discrimination in the past year, and 55 percent feared that hate crimes or harassment would jeopardize their personal safety.

对华裔科学家的迫害仍在持续。虽然美国政府针对华裔科学家的“中国行动计划”被暂停，但该计划带来的深远影响犹在，众多华裔科学家仍然有强烈的不安全感。美国《科学》杂志2023年3月23日刊发文章，讲述了“中国行动计划”对华裔科学家的迫害。在被美国国立卫生研究院调查的246人中，103人失去工作，超过五分之一的人被禁止在4年内申请国立卫生研究院资助，给他们的学术生涯带来重大打击。这246人中有81%的科学家是亚裔。（注57）普林斯顿大学、哈佛大学和麻省理工学院对近1400名在美国大学担任终身教职的华裔美国人的调查显示，72%的人表示没有安全感，42%的人害怕在美国开展研究。（注58）
The persecution of Chinese scientists continues. Although the U.S. government's "China Initiative" targeting Chinese scientists has been suspended, the program's far-reaching effects are still being felt, and many Chinese scientists still feel a strong sense of insecurity. An article published on March 23, 2023 on the Science magazine describes the persecution of Chinese scientists under the "China Initiative." Of the 246 people investigated by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), 103 lost their jobs and more than one-fifth were banned from applying for new NIH funding for four years, dealing a major blow to their academic careers. Eighty-one percent of these 246 scientists were Asian. A survey of nearly 1,400 Chinese-Americans in tenured or tenure-track positions at U.S. universities by Princeton, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology showed that 72 percent reported feeling insecure and 42 percent were afraid to conduct research in the United States.

中国留美学生在美国海关经历噩梦般待遇。近年来，美国政府不断泛化所谓“国家安全”概念，将学术研究政治化、武器化，捏造各种借口阻塞国际人文、科技交流合作。《中国科学报》2024年1月11日报道，多名中国留学生在美国海关遭受无故刁难和非人道待遇，陷入无法如期完成学业的困境。中国留学生孟菲（化名）2023年12月19日在华盛顿杜勒斯国际机场被美国海关先后两次扣留长达20小时，飞到洛杉矶等待转机时又被扣留5小时后遭遣返。在此期间，她不仅在审查官的诱导及两名持枪和电棍的警察注视下被迫签字“接受遣返”，还遭到让人倍感屈辱的搜身，被单独禁闭12小时。霍普金斯大学中国留学生魏娜（化名）2023年11月24日在杜勒斯国际机场同样被美国海关审查官告知遣返，理由是其签证在入境前两天就被美国驻华大使馆取消了。但魏娜回到中国后多次联系美国驻华大使馆，却被告知其签证不是大使馆撤销的，而是美国海关的决定。多名有同样遭遇的中国留学生表示，其在美国海关的笔录被有意或无意地篡改过。她们为完成学业寻求各界帮助，即便其所在的美国学校联络海关，也未得到任何有效回复，有的人不得不选择退学。（注59）
Chinese students studying in the United States have experienced nightmarish treatment at U.S. Customs. In recent years, the U.S. government has continued generalizing the so-called "national security" concept, politicizing and weaponizing academic research, and fabricating various excuses to block international people-to-people, cultural, science and technology exchanges and cooperation. The China Science Daily reported on Jan. 11, 2024, that a number of Chinese students were subjected to unreasonable and inhumane treatment at U.S. Customs, and were unable to complete their studies as scheduled. A Chinese student, with the pseudonym Meng Fei, was detained by U.S. Customs for 20 hours on two separate occasions at Washington Dulles International Airport on Dec. 19, 2023, and then detained for another five hours before being deported when she flew to Los Angeles to wait for her connecting flight. During this time, she was not only forced to sign "acceptance of deportation" under the coaxing of an examining officer and under the watchful eyes of two police officers armed with guns and stun batons, but she was also subjected to humiliating body searches and 12 hours of solitary confinement. A Chinese student, with the pseudonym Wei Na, at Johns Hopkins University, was also told by a U.S. Customs examiner at Dulles International Airport on Nov. 24, 2023, to accept deportation on the grounds that her visa had been canceled by the U.S. Embassy in China two days prior to her arrival. However, Wei contacted the U.S. Embassy in China several times after returning to China, but was told that her visa was not revoked by the embassy, but by the U.S. Customs. A number of Chinese students who had the same experience said that their U.S. Customs transcripts had been tampered with, either intentionally or unintentionally. They sought help from various sectors to complete their studies, but even when their American schools contacted the U.S. Customs, they did not receive any effective response, and some had to choose to withdraw from their studies.

侵犯印第安原住民权利遗害未消。美联社2023年11月6日报道，150多年来，印第安原住民儿童被带离他们的社区并被迫进入寄宿学校，寄宿学校虐待学生以将他们与白人社会同化，这些学校造成的创伤已经波及了几代人，助长了酗酒、吸毒成瘾和性虐待等问题。（注60）美国有线电视新闻网2023年11月22日报道，几百年来，印第安原住民始终生活在文化压迫之中，其宗教信仰和传统习俗被无情扼杀。2023年8月，一名8岁的印第安男孩被学校强制要求剪掉长发。但根据该男童所属怀恩多特族的文化传统，他们只有在亲人离世时才会剪掉长发。（注61）美国国家环境健康科学研究所2023年11月20日发布的报告显示，与其他族裔的美国人相比，印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民的健康状况长期较差，原住民的预期寿命低、医疗负担重是普遍存在的问题。（注62）“美国原住民联结”组织首席执行官特鲁拉·安·布鲁宁格表示，印第安原住民的医疗保障资金严重短缺，美国联邦政府虽然为原住民提供了医疗保障，但是资金与实际需要存在鸿沟。（注63）美国卫生与公共服务部下属的印第安人卫生服务局为近260万印第安原住民提供联邦政府资助的医疗保障，但这个数字尚不到全国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民人口的50%。与其他族裔相比，美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民缺乏医疗保障的比例最高。（注64）
The legacy of violations of Native Americans' rights remains. The Associated Press reported on Nov. 6, 2023, that for more than 150 years, Native American children have been removed from their communities and forced into boarding schools, which abused students in order to assimilate them into white society, and that the trauma caused by these schools has rippled across generations, contributing to problems such as alcoholism, drug addiction, and sexual abuse. CNN reported on Nov. 22, 2023, that for centuries, Native Americans have lived in a constant state of cultural oppression, with their religious beliefs and traditional practices ruthlessly stifled. In Aug. 2023, an eight-year-old Indian boy was forced by his school to cut off his long hair. But according to the cultural tradition of the Wyandotte ethnic group, to which the boy belongs, long hair is only cut when loved ones die. According to a report released by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) on Nov. 20, 2023, Indians and Alaska Natives have chronically poor health compared to other ethnic groups in the United States, and low life expectancy and heavy medical burden for Native Americans are widespread problems. Trula Ann Breuninger, CEO of Native American Connections, said that there is a serious shortage of medical insurance funds for Indian Natives. Although the U.S. federal government provides medical insurance for Natives, there is a gap between the funds and the needs of in real terms. The Indian Health Service, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, provides federally funded health care to nearly 2.6 million Native Americans, but that number is less than 50 percent of the nation's Indian and Alaska Native population. American Indians and Alaska Natives have the highest rates of lack of health care coverage compared to other ethnic groups.

少数族裔遭遇职场歧视。美国一家名为“温室”的招聘软件公司发布的《2023年求职者面试经历报告》显示，招聘过程中的歧视现象“相当令人担忧”。34%的求职者在面试中遇到过歧视性问题，近1/5的求职者曾试图通过在简历中更改姓名，以避免受歧视性招聘行为的影响。在改名的求职者中，有45%是为了让自己听起来“不那么有族裔特点”。（注65）英国《卫报》网站2023年4月23日披露，美国政府数十年来刻意逃避劳工保护责任，压榨少数族裔劳工。纽约的有色族裔护工不仅被迫接受连续长时间的工作，薪资还受到克扣。不少护工因此罹患失眠、慢性病等疾病，对护工及其家庭造成严重伤害。（注66）少数族裔劳工一直尝试通过各种渠道争取权利保障，但在一些利益集团阻碍下成效寥寥。（注67）沃克斯新闻网2023年6月12日报道，在美国，非洲裔一直比白人挣得少。这种差异意味着在种族歧视的影响下，非洲裔时间价值明显低于白人，为了弥补歧视造成的工资差距，非洲裔工人每天必须多工作2.7小时。（注68）
Ethnic minorities face workplace discrimination. According to the 2023 Candidate Interview Experience Report by Greenhouse, a U.S. hiring software company, discrimination in the hiring process is " pretty sobering." 34 percent of job seekers have faced discriminatory questions in an interview, and nearly one in five have tried to avoid discriminatory hiring practices by changing their name on their resume. 45 percent of job seekers who changed their names did so to sound "less ethnic." The British "Guardian" website revealed on April 23, 2023 that the U.S. government has deliberately evaded its responsibility to protect workers and exploited minority workers for decades. Nursing workers of color in New York are not only forced to work long hours, but also underpaid. Many nursing workers suffer from insomnia, chronic diseases and other diseases. It has caused serious harm to nursing workers and their families. Ethnic minority workers have been trying to fight for the protection of rights through various channels, but with little success due to obstacles from some interest groups. According to a report by Vox News on June 12, 2023, in the United States, African Americans have always earned less than whites. The discrepancy means that Black time — that same time stolen by discrimination — is worth markedly less than white time. To make up the pay gap caused by discrimination, a Black worker must toil an extra 2.7 hours each day.

种族主义意识形态在美国恶性传播并跨国溢出。随着美国种族主义问题的不断恶化，种族主义意识形态和言论的传播也呈现出新的态势。种族主义者在互联网上开辟出了新的传播空间，借助社交媒体、音乐、游戏等多平台对少数族裔进行广泛的侵害和骚扰。（注69）2022年5月在纽约布法罗一家超市杀害10名非洲裔的白人枪手佩顿·根德隆在游戏聊天应用社区上发布消息称，某游戏平台上的一款游戏对他的激进行为产生了巨大影响。（注70）2023年7月，马萨诸塞州一名14岁的白人男孩“出于种族动机”试图淹死一名非洲裔男孩，事发时还有在场的其他白人男孩戏称受害者为“乔治·弗洛伊德”。（注71）美国的种族主义呈现出跨国扩散的态势，成为极端种族主义的主要输出国，引起了多个国家的警惕。美国外交关系委员会研究员布鲁斯·霍夫曼和雅各布·韦尔2023年9月19日在《外交事务》杂志网站发表《美国仇恨向全球传播》一文称，美国已成为输出极右翼极端主义和恐怖主义的典型国家。阴谋论、种族优越论、反政府极端主义以及其他形式的仇恨和不宽容言论在美国本土蔓延得如此严重，以至于有些国家已经将美国部分团体和公民标记为外国恐怖分子。（注72）
Racist ideology is spreading virulently in the United States and spilling across borders. With the worsening of the problem of racism in the United States, the spread of racist ideology and speech has also shown a new trend. Racists have opened up a new space of communication on the Internet, using social media, music, games and other platforms to carry out widespread abuse and harassment against ethnic minorities. The gunman who killed 10 Black people at a supermarket in Buffalo, New York, in May 2022 had posted on Discord, a gaming chat app community, that a game on the Roblox gaming platform had influenced his radicalization. In July 2023, a 14-year-old white boy in Massachusetts "racially motivated" attempted to drown an African American boy, and other white boys present at the time of the incident called the victim "George Floyd." Racism in the United States has shown a trend of transnational diffusion and has become a major exporter of extreme racism, which has aroused the vigilance of many countries. Bruce Hoffman and Jacob Ware, fellows of the Council on Foreign Relations of the United States, published an article on the website of Foreign Affairs magazine on Sept. 19, 2023 entitled " American Hatred Goes Global," saying that the United States has become a typical country exporting far-right extremism and terrorism. Conspiracy theories, racial superiority theories, anti-government extremism, and other forms of hate and intolerance have spread so far in the United States that some countries have labeled American groups and citizens as foreign terrorists.

三、经济和社会不平等日益加剧
III. Growing Economic and Social Inequality

美国不仅缺乏关于工作权、受教育权、健康权的宪法规定，且始终不肯批准《经济社会文化权利国际公约》。贫穷者被归因为“自身懒惰”而陷入“贫困陷阱”，经济、社会和文化权利被污名化为“福利奶酪”。“工作者贫困”现象广泛存在，贫富分化进一步扩大。
The United States not only lacks constitutional provisions on the rights to work, education and health, but also refuses to ratify the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The poor are blamed for falling into the "poverty trap" because of their "own laziness," and economic, social and cultural rights are stigmatized as "welfare cheese." The phenomenon of "in-work poverty" is widespread, and the gap between the rich and the poor is further widening.

贫富鸿沟进一步拉大。美国的贫富差距已经达到1929年经济大危机以来最严重的程度。全球统计数据库2023年11月3日公布的数据显示，2022年美国的贫困率高达11.5%。（注73）美联储调查显示，截至2023年6月，美国底层80%家庭的超额储蓄已耗尽，但在最富有的20%家庭中，现金储蓄仍比新冠疫情暴发时的水平高出约8%。（注74）2023年第三季度，美国总财富的66.6%由收入最高的10%的人拥有。相比之下，收入最低的50%的人只拥有总财富的2.6%。（注75）美国经济学家马修·德斯孟德一针见血地指出，2023年，大多数美国人在辛勤工作，然而，富者越来越富，那些挣扎在社会底层的人受困于根深蒂固的贫困。美国社会的机会被囤积、社会流动性降低，植根于三重制度性设计：剥削穷人、补贴富人、阶层隔离。（注76）
The gap between rich and poor has widened further. The gap between rich and poor in the United States has reached its worst level since the Great Depression of 1929. According to data released by the Statista on November 3, 2023, the poverty rate in the United States in 2022 is as high as 11.5 percent. The bottom 80 percent of U.S. households had exhausted their excess savings by June 2023, but cash savings among the richest 20 percent were still about 8 percent higher than at the start of the pandemic, according to the latest Federal Reserve study of household finances. In the third quarter of 2023, 66.6 percent of total wealth in the United States was owned by the top 10 percent of income earners. In contrast, the bottom 50 percent of earners own only 2.6 percent of total wealth. American economist Matthew Desmond has pointed out that in 2023, most Americans are working hard, but the rich are getting richer, and those struggling at the bottom of society are trapped in deep-rooted poverty. The accumulation of opportunity and reduced social mobility in American society is rooted in a triple institutional design: exploiting the poor, subsidizing the rich, and segregating the classes.

“工作者贫困”问题突出。美国劳动力市场状况发生了结构性变化，低薪岗位和缺乏监管普遍存在。（注77）有大批“工作穷人”终日劳作，其工资水平却难以维持基本生计，还缺乏应有的社会保障。美国联邦最低时薪标准自2009年以来一直没有上调。（注78）美国劳工部的数据显示，2023年仍有20个州维持联邦最低时薪标准。（注79）美国有1150万个低收入工薪家庭，包括1480万儿童在内的2990多万美国人生活在这些低收入工薪家庭。（注80）劳资收入增长悬殊导致多行业大面积罢工。2023年，美国发生了21世纪以来波及范围最广的罢工潮，包括影视、制造、医疗、媒体在内的多个行业都出现大规模罢工。（注81）加利福尼亚州大学公共政策与政治学院副教授本杰明·纽曼评论称，陷入结构性贫困之中的“工作穷人”既缺乏机会平等，也难以向上流动，他们极大地降低了对“美国梦”的信念。（注82）
The issue of the “working poor” is prominent. American labor market has undergone systemic changes, which is marked by low-wage jobs and lack of supervision. A large number of "working poor" are toiling all day long, but their wages are barely enough to maintain their basic needs, and they lack adequate social security. The federal minimum hourly wage hasn't been raised since 2009. The U.S. Department of Labor shows that 20 states still remain at the federal baseline wage in 2023. There are more than 29.9 million people, including 14.8 million children, living in 11.5 million low-income working families in the United States. The disparity in labor income growth has led to large-scale strikes in many industries. In 2023, the United States experienced the most widespread strike tide since the 21st century, and large-scale strikes took place in many industries including film and television, manufacturing, medical care and media. Benjamin Newman, an associate professor at the School of Public Policy and Politics at the University of California, said that the "working poor" caught in structural poverty lack equal opportunities and are difficult to move upwards, which greatly reduces their belief in the "American Dream."

低收入家庭难以支付基本生活所需。美国2023年物价水平保持高位，加上持续加息带来的负担等，美国人的生活费用持续几年上涨。根据美国劳工统计局的消费者价格指数，2023年一美元的购买力仅相当于2009年的70%。低收入家庭难以支付食品、房租和能源等基本生活所需，甚至储蓄耗尽负债累累。（注83）英国《金融时报》和密歇根大学罗斯商学院2023年进行的联合调查显示，74%的美国受访者表示，食品价格上涨对他们的财务状况影响最大。（注84）美联储2023年11月7日公布的《家庭债务和信用报告》显示，美国的家庭债务在2023年第三季度达到历史性的17.29万亿美元。信用卡拖欠率和严重拖欠率（逾期90天以上）达2011年底以来的最高水平。（注85）
Low-income families can barely meet their basic needs. As the commodity prices in the United States in 2023 remain high, coupled with the burden of continuous interest rate hikes, the cost of living of Americans continues to rise for several years. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics consumer price index, a dollar in 2023 can buy roughly 70 percent of what it could buy in 2009. Households who earn minimum wage have had a harder time paying rent, and buying essential household goods, including groceries. Many have even depleted their savings and went deeper into debt. According to a poll from the Financial Times and the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, 74 percent of Americans said rising food prices were having the greatest impact on their finances. Household debt increased 1.3 percent to 17.29 trillion dollars in the third quarter, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit released on November 7, 2023. The report showed that the rate of households becoming delinquent or entering serious delinquency (behind by 90 days or more) on their credit cards was the highest since the end of 2011.

无家可归者人数创16年来新高。美国住房和城市发展部2023年12月15日发布的报告显示，美国现阶段无家可归者人数超过65万人，创2007年有统计数据以来的新高。其中40%的无家可归者只能居住在缺乏庇护的街道、废弃建筑或其他恶劣环境中。（注86）无家可归者不仅生存维艰，还面临着越来越高的刑事定罪风险。（注87）全国无家可归者法律中心的研究发现，美国越来越多的城市正在积极立法对无家可归者进行惩罚。2006年至2019年，美国在全市范围内禁止在公共场所露营的法令增加了92%，禁止在公共场所露宿的法令增加了50%，禁止在公共场所坐卧的法令增加了78%，禁止在公共场所游荡的法令增加了103%，禁止在车辆中居住的法令增加了213%。（注88）根据这些法律，无家可归者在公共场所睡觉、露营、吃饭、坐卧、乞讨均被视为违法活动。（注89）当局有权将他们逐出公共场所，没收其财产，并将其隔离在通常不卫生和不人道的集体庇护所或监狱中。（注90）美国这种侵犯无家可归者基本人权的做法广受批评。联合国人权事务委员会敦促美国废除将无家可归定为犯罪的各级法律和政策，并采取立法和其他措施保护无家可归者的人权。（注91）
Homelessness is at a 16-year high. According to a report released by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development on December 15, 2023, the number of homeless people in the United States at this stage exceeds 650,000, the highest since reporting began in 2007. Forty percent of the homeless live in streets without shelter, abandoned buildings or other places not meant for human habitation. Homeless people not only struggle to survive, but also face an increasing risk of criminal conviction. A National Homelessness Law Center report found that a growing number of cities in the United States are tightening legislation against the homeless. From 2006 to 2019, citywide bans on camping increased by 92 percent; on sleeping in public increased by 50 percent; on sitting and lying in public spaces by 78 percent; on loitering by 103 percent; and on living in vehicles by 213 percent. According to these laws, it is illegal for homeless people to sleep, camp, eat, sit and beg in public places. Authorities have the rights to eject them from public spaces; confiscate and destroy their property; and segregate them in often unsanitary and inhumane mass shelters and jails. This violation of the basic human rights of homeless people in the United States has been widely criticized. The United Nations Human Rights Committee urged the United States to abolish laws and policies criminalizing homelessness at all levels, and adopt legislative and other measures that protect the human rights of homeless people.

大量家庭面临食物短缺。贫富悬殊、工作者贫穷和社会安全网缺失等，导致美国的饥饿和粮食不安全趋势再次抬头。美国农业部发布的报告显示，近13%的美国家庭在2022年处于食物短缺的困境中，该比率远高于2021年。（注92）这意味着有4420万美国人生活在三餐不继的家庭中，其中包括1300万儿童。
A large number of families are facing food shortages. The disparity between the rich and the poor, working poverty and lack of a social safety net have led to a resurgence of hunger and food insecurity in the United States. Nearly 13 percent of American households were food insecure in 2022, significantly higher than in 2021, according to a report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. That means 44.2 million Americans struggled to meet their nutritional needs, including 13 million children.

毒品和药物滥用持续蔓延。利益集团利用党争和金钱政治进行钱权交易，推动大麻合法化成蔓延之势。截至2023年11月，美国已有24个州将娱乐性大麻合法化。（注93）美国大麻市场研究机构“明场集团”的研究显示，2023年美国大麻市场的年销售额估计超过318亿美元，到2028年将增至507亿美元。（注94）美国国立卫生研究院2023年8月发布的报告显示，2022年美国35岁至50岁成年人中吸食大麻和使用致幻剂的人数分别为28%和4%，达到历史最高水平；19岁至30岁的年轻人中，一年内吸食过大麻的比例达44%，每天吸食大麻的比例达11%，使用过致幻剂的比例达8%。（注95）美国药物滥用与心理健康服务局的调查显示，2022年有7030万12岁以上的美国人滥用毒品，其中6190万人吸食大麻。（注96）密歇根大学2023年12月发布的调查报告显示，2023年美国10.9%的八年级学生、19.8%的十年级学生和31.2%的十二年级学生曾滥用药物。（注97）
Drug and substance abuse keeps raging. Interest groups use partisanship and money politics to conduct political bribery to push for the legalization of marijuana. As of December 2023, 24 states have legalized recreational weed in America. According to top cannabis researcher Brightfield Group, the U.S. cannabis market is estimated to reach over 31.8 billion dollars annual sales by the end of 2023, growing to 50.7 billion dollars in annual sales by 2028. According to a study by the U.S. National Institutes of Health in August 2023, reports of marijuana and hallucinogen use in 2022 among adults aged 35 to 50 reached 28 percent and 4 percent respectively, the highest level on record. For adults aged 19 to 30, 44 percent reported past-year marijuana use; 11 percent reported daily marijuana use; 8 percent reported past-year use of hallucinogens. According to a survey by the U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, over 70 million Americans aged 12 or older in 2022 used illicit drug. Among them, 61.9 million people used marijuana. According to a survey published by the University of Michigan in December 2023, 10.9 percent of eighth graders, 19.8 percent of 10th graders, and 31.2 percent of 12th graders reported any illicit drug use in 2023.

自杀率持续攀升。《今日美国报》网站2023年11月29日报道，美国人的自杀率在近十几年间持续上升，2022年每10万人中有14.3人自杀，达到1941年以来的最高点。根据美国疾病控制与预防中心2023年发布的报告，2022年估计有49449人死于自杀，比2021年增加了2.6%。（注98）2018年至2021年，10至24岁非洲裔人群的自杀率上升了36.6%，是所有年龄群体中增幅最大的。（注99）
Suicide rates continue to rise. According to a report on the USA Today website on November 29, 2023, the suicide rate among Americans has risen steadily over the past decades. The suicide rate per 100,000 people in 2022 was 14.3, the highest since 1941. An estimated 49,449 people died by suicide in 2022, an increase of 2.6 percent compared with 2021, according to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suicide rates among Black youths climbed steadily, rising 36.6 percent from 2018 to 2021 among those between 10 to 24 years old, the largest percentage jump across all demographics.

四、妇女和儿童权利遭受持续侵犯
IV. Persistent Violations of the Rights of Women and Children

美国宪法迄今没有禁止性别歧视的规定。职场性别歧视严重，男女收入差距扩大。妇女的生命权和健康权保障不足。孕产妇死亡率持续高居发达国家之首，禁止堕胎严重损害妇女生殖权利和健康权。职场、校园等多领域的性暴力层出不穷。儿童的生存权和发展权堪忧。儿童贫困人口激增，大量儿童医疗保险被取消，儿童健康权受到严重威胁。
The U.S. Constitution does not prohibit gender-based discrimination, which is rampant in the workplace and results in widening gender wage gap as well as insufficient protection for women's rights to life and health. The United States has for long the highest maternal mortality rate among developed countries, amplified by ban on abortion which seriously violates women's reproductive and health rights. Gender-based violence in workplaces, schools and other fields persists. Children's rights to life, development, and health are systematically violated with a soaring number of children living in poverty and without medical insurance.

禁止性别歧视的宪法规定长期付诸阙如。在20世纪50年代至60年代风起云涌的民权运动推动下，修改美国宪法以保障男女平等的立法行动于1972年提上议程，但历经50多年仍未实现。2023年4月，美国参议院否决了一项修改宪法以实现性别平等的提案。（注100）联合国人权事务委员会对美国宪法至今缺乏禁止性别歧视的保障条款表示遗憾。（注101）
Constitutional prohibition on gender-based discrimination has long been absent. The Equal Rights Amendment that guarantees equal rights for women has not yet entered into force more than half a century since its text approval by Congress in 1972. This legislative effort was born out of the surging civil rights movement in 1950s and 60s. In April 2023, the U.S. Senate failed to advance a resolution to remove the deadline for its ratification. The UN Human Rights Committee regrets the lack of an explicit guarantee in the U.S. Constitution against sex- and gender-based discrimination.

孕产妇死亡率居工业化国家之首。美国孕产妇死亡率在工业化国家中最高，且远远超过其他工业化国家。《美国医学会杂志》2023年7月发表的研究显示，美国孕产妇死亡人数近20年来增加了一倍多。（注102）超过220万美国育龄妇女无法获得产科护理，另有480万育龄妇女生活在产科护理资源不足的地区。在阿拉巴马州，大约39%的县没有一个产科服务提供者，超过24万名妇女生活在没有或几乎没有产科护理保障的县。（注103）
The United States has the highest maternal mortality rate among industrialized countries, far exceeding the second. According to a research published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in July 2023, the number of people dying from pregnancy-related causes in the United States has more than doubled in the last 20 years. More than 2.2 million U.S. women of childbearing age do not have access to obstetric care, and an additional 4.8 million live in counties with limited access to maternity care. In Alabama, for example, about 39 percent of counties do not have any maternity care provider, and more than 240,000 women live in counties with little or no guaranteed maternity care.

禁止堕胎使妇女生殖权利和健康权受到毁灭性打击。美国联邦最高法院2022年作出推翻保障妇女堕胎权的判决，致使数百万女性健康权、生殖保健权的法律保障受到毁灭性打击。截至2023年12月，美国至少有21个州命令禁止或严格限制堕胎。在这21个州，堕胎医疗服务基本无法获得。联合国专家指出，美国联邦最高法院的判决剥夺了妇女和女童获得包括性健康和生殖健康在内的全面医疗保健的基本人权，违反国际人权法。（注104）一些州的法律将提供或寻求堕胎护理的各类行为视为犯罪。这些法律限制妇女到其他州寻求堕胎护理，禁止药物流产。（注105）
The ban on abortion is devastating to women's reproductive and health rights. In 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade (1973) which guaranteed a constitutional right to abortion, a devastating blow to millions of women's reproductive health rights. As of December 2023, at least 21 states in the United States ban or severely restrict abortion, where safe abortion is largely unavailable. The United Nations experts pointed out that the United States Supreme Court decision deprives women and girls of their fundamental human right to comprehensive health care including sexual and reproductive health, in violation of international human rights law. Some state laws criminalize abortion, including bans on out-of-state travel for abortion, whether through medication or a procedure.

多领域存在针对妇女的暴力侵害。联合国人权事务委员会指出，在美国，包括家庭暴力和性暴力在内的暴力侵害妇女行为持续存在。美国的学校和高等教育机构以及武装部队中普遍存在针对妇女和女童的性暴力。（注106）对美国最大的公立大学加利福尼亚州立大学的调查显示，该校23个校区普遍存在对性暴力的纵容。该校行政人员对收到的性侵指控大多不予调查；在少数予以调查的案件中，即使发现被告有错，也不采取行动。2018年至2022年，该校至少1251名员工受到性骚扰指控，只有254宗得到调查。（注107）西北大学的排球、足球、垒球、棒球等运动项目中不断爆出性侵丑闻，举报者称在这些项目中性虐待和种族歧视非常猖獗。（注108）美国联邦调查局发布的数据显示，每年有600多名美国女性被亲密伴侣枪杀，大约每14小时就有一人被枪杀。（注109）
Violence against women is prevalent. The UN Human Rights Committee noted that violence against women and girls, including domestic and sexual violence, persists in the United States, including in schools, institutions of higher learning, and armed forces. Investigations into California State University, the nation's largest public university, found widespread sexual misconducts across its 23 campuses. Campus officials do not investigate most allegations of sexual misconducts they receive. In the few cases investigated, no action was taken even when the accused was found guilty. At least 1,251 university employees were the subject of sexual harassment allegations from 2018 to 2022, yet only 254 complaints were investigated. Scandals have also roiled Northwestern University’s volleyball, football, softball, baseball and other sport teams, where whistle-blowers said sexual abuse and racial discrimination were rampant. More than 600 American women are shot and killed by an intimate partner each year, about one every 14 hours, according to data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

职场性别歧视严重。男女工资差距持续拉大。英国《泰晤士报》网站2023年8月8日报道，美国男女工资差距已由2019年的20.3%扩大到2022年的22.2%。（注110）怀孕歧视普遍存在。英国《独立报》网站2023年5月11日报道，根据平等与人权委员会的数据，美国每年约有5.4万名妇女因怀孕歧视而失业。（注111）
Gender discrimination is rampant in workplace. The wage gap between men and women continues to widen, from 20.3 percent in 2019 to 22.2 percent in 2022, according to a report by The Times on Aug. 8, 2023. Pregnancy discrimination is a widespread, forcing nearly 54,000 women in the United States to leave their jobs every year, according to the Equality and Human Rights Commission cited by The Independent on May 11, 2023.

儿童贫困人口激增。美国人口普查局2023年9月发布的报告显示，2022年美国贫困人口激增（注112），又有500多万儿童陷入贫困，儿童贫困率翻了一番多。这是有记录以来，儿童贫困人口的最大年度增幅。其中一个重要原因是美国政府取消了儿童税收抵免计划，使儿童再次陷入贫困。（注113）
Child poverty is soaring. According to a U.S. Census Bureau report released in September 2023, poverty in the United States surged in 2022, and over 5 million American children fell into poverty in this year, more than doubling child poverty rate, a historic one-year increase due largely to the expiration of improvements to the Child Tax Credit.

大量儿童医疗保险被取消。2023年4月至10月，有超过1000万成人和儿童被美国联邦政府排除出医疗保险补助计划。阿肯色州儿童和家庭倡导者组织的卫生政策主任卡米尔·里丘说：“美国政府对医疗保险补助资格的重新评估并不是为了确定谁有资格享有，而是想尽办法把人们踢出这一计划。”儿童的健康状况受到这一变动的显著影响。在提供年龄数据的20个州，至少剥夺了180万儿童享受医疗保险补助的资格。（注114）
Large number of children's health insurance has been cancelled. Between April and October 2023, nearly 10 million adults and children have been excluded from the federal government's Medicaid health insurance program. “This unwinding (reviewing all recipients’ eligibility) has not been about determining who is eligible by all possible means, but how we can kick people off by all possible means,”said Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families Health Policy Director Camille Richoux. The impact on children’s health is immense. Nationwide, states have disenrolled at least 1.8 million children in the 20 states that provide the data by age.

每年有数千名寄养儿童失踪。美国卫生与公众服务部2023年公布的一项审计发现，46个州瞒报了约34800例寄养儿童失踪案件。根据国家失踪和被剥削儿童中心的数据，2018年至2022年间，佐治亚州有近1800名受国家照顾的儿童失踪，其中超过20%的人可能被贩卖。（注115）
Thousands of foster children go missing every year. An audit published in 2023 by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services found that across 46 states, state agencies failed to report an estimated 34,800 cases of missing foster kids. In Georgia state, nearly 1,800 children in state care went missing between 2018 and 2022, according to a new analysis conducted by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children and more than 20 percent of them were likely trafficked.

少年司法系统中的儿童遭受不人道待遇。2023年10月，联合国人权理事会在执法工作中推进种族正义和平等的国际独立专家机制调查显示，美国刑事司法系统充斥着某些特有的不人道做法。美国是世界上唯一一个判处儿童终身监禁不得假释的国家。（注116）在佐治亚州，儿童福利机构的负责人要求法官将有精神问题和行为问题的儿童拘留在少年监狱。（注117）自2022年10月以来，多达80名儿童被带到路易斯安那州以暴力著称的安哥拉监狱，关押在死刑犯等待处决的牢房里。（注118）尽管这些儿童与成年囚犯隔离，但他们遭受了危险的热浪，长时间被关在牢里，使用的是污水，更无法获得教育。（注119）
Children in the juvenile justice system are subjected to inhuman practices. The U.S. criminal justice system is riddled with certain inhumane practices, according to a survey conducted by the UN Human Rights Council's International Independent Expert Mechanism for Advancing Racial Justice and Equality in Law Enforcement in October 2023. The United States is the only country in the world that sentences children to life in prison without parole. In the U.S. state of Georgia, the head of the state's child welfare agency asked judges to keep some children inappropriately locked in juvenile detention centers. Up to 80 children have been brought to the notoriously violent Angola prison in Louisiana since October 2022 and housed in cells in which condemned death row prisoners used to await execution. Although the juveniles have been segregated from adult prisoners, they have suffered dangerous heat waves, extended confinement to their cells, foul water and inadequate schooling.

性侵儿童案件泛滥。2023年初，马里兰州总检察长办公室发布了一份关于巴尔的摩总教区内儿童遭受性虐待的报告。该报告记录了600多起虐待案件。美联社的一项分析显示，在巴尔的摩总教区的27个非洲裔人口众多的教区中，有19个教区曾被指控教职人员涉嫌性虐待。然而遭受性虐待的受害者几乎没有发声的机会。（注120）美国疾病控制与预防中心的数据显示，超过十分之一的美国女孩表示自己曾被强奸，高中女生“被越来越多的暴力和创伤所吞噬”。（注121）
The cases related to child sex abuse are rampant. In early 2023, the Maryland attorney general's office released a scathing report on child sex abuse within the Baltimore archdiocese, detailing over 600 abuse cases. An Associated Press analysis shows that out of 27 parishes in the archdiocese that have significant Black populations, at least 19 previously had priests on staff who have been accused of sexual abuse, yet victims of sexual abuse have little opportunity to speak out. According to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as many as one in 10 teenage girls in the United States have said that they have been raped, and high school girls are "engulfed in a growing wave of violence and trauma.”

五、无证移民悲惨境遇触目惊心
V. Heart-wrenching Struggles of Undocumented Migrants

党争成为移民政策的底色，政客们对移民权利和福祉弃之不顾，在移民问题上相互攻讦，既无力提高边境地区对移民的安置能力，也无心改善移民入境后的生存境遇，移民问题陷入无解的恶性循环。边境地区人道主义危机持续加剧，边境政策助长现代奴隶制，移民权利遭受践踏。
Political strife has become a defining feature of U.S. immigration policy. Politicians have forsaken the rights and welfare of immigrants, engaging in divisive attacks on each other over immigration issues. They have failed to improve the resettlement capacity in border areas or show a genuine commitment to improving the living conditions of immigrants. The immigration issue has thus fallen into a vicious circle without a solution. The escalating humanitarian crisis in border regions is exacerbated by policies that inadvertently support modern slavery, leading to widespread violations of migrant rights.

边境地区人道主义危机升级。美国政府在移民政策上大开空头支票，致使边境地区的人道主义危机不断加剧。美国南部边境被国际移民组织列为世界上最致命的陆路移民路线。（注122）《埃尔帕索时报》2023年11月30日报道，截至2023年9月30日的12个月里，仅在埃尔帕索边境巡逻区就有149名移民丧生。其中女性死亡人数比2022年增加了2倍多。边境巡逻人员有时每天发现两到三具尸体。得克萨斯州州长发言人称，埃尔帕索地区发生的事情是联邦政府在边境引发混乱的直接结果。埃尔帕索边境人权网络组织执行主任费尔南多·加西亚指责道，政府机构完全无视移民的生命价值；移民死亡源于美国政策，这是“政策致死”。（注123）
The humanitarian crisis along the border has escalated. The U.S. government has continuously made empty promises on immigration policy, leading to the worsening humanitarian crisis in the border region. The U.S.-Mexico border is the world's deadliest land migration route, according to the United Nations migration agency. On Nov. 30, 2023, the El Paso Times reported that at least 149 migrants perished in the El Paso border patrol region in fiscal 2023. The number of women who died there has more than doubled from 2022. Border Patrol agents sometimes found two or three bodies per day. A spokesman for Texas Gov. Greg Abbott said "What is happening in the El Paso Sector is the direct result of the unsustainable chaos President Biden has unleashed on the border." "We need to start by recognizing that migrants are dying because of U.S. policy and U.S. strategy," said Fernando Garcia, executive director of the El Paso-based Border Network for Human Rights.

“甩锅”移民闹剧大规模上演。美国有线电视新闻网2023年12月30日报道，自2022年4月以来，共和党人执政的得克萨斯州已经将9万多名移民送往由民主党人执政的华盛顿特区、纽约市、芝加哥、费城、丹佛和洛杉矶等城市。（注124）芝加哥布洛克俱乐部网站2023年10月31日报道，自2022年8月以来，已有超过1.9万人抵达芝加哥，令该市收容系统不堪重负。包括儿童在内的一些移民只能被安置在临时帐篷中，甚至睡在大街上。（注125）《芝加哥太阳时报》2023年10月14日报道，年仅6岁的女童约翰·耶利斯与年迈老人住在临时帐篷里。随着冬季来临，寒冷的天气令他们处境艰难。（注126）
Immigration drama of "shifting blame" is on display in the United States on a grand scale. Texas, under Republican leadership, has bused over 90,000 migrants to "sanctuary cities" run by Democrats like Washington, DC, New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, Denver and Los Angeles since April 2022, according to a CNN report on Dec. 30, 2023. Chicago's Brock Club website reported on Oct. 31, 2023, that more than 19,000 people have arrived in Chicago since August 2022 and the influx of asylum seekers has strained the city's shelter system. Some migrants, including children, had to be accommodated in makeshift tents or even sleep on the streets. Chicago Sun-Times reported on Oct. 14, 2023, that a six-year-old girl, Yohanyelis, lived in a makeshift tent with elderly people. As winter set in, the plummeting temperatures posed a formidable challenge for them.

入境移民遭受酷刑及其他不人道待遇。2023财年，在美国南部边境遭逮捕或驱逐的移民总数达240多万人，再创历史新高。（注127）联合国人权事务委员会对移民在美国受到长时间的拘留表示担忧，批评美国的拘留所条件恶劣，人满为患，被拘押者无法获得食物、水和医疗服务，导致包括儿童在内的许多人死亡；公共和私营移民拘留设施存在性暴力、长期单独监禁、虐待等侵犯人权问题。（注128）英国《卫报》网站2023年12月6日报道，由美国私人监狱公司CoreCivic运营的、位于佐治亚州兰普金的斯图尔特拘留中心存在长期单独监禁、性虐待、医疗疏忽以及强迫劳动等令人担忧的问题。（注129）创新法律实验室于2023年2月15日发布报告揭露，由CoreCivic运营的、位于新墨西哥州埃斯坦西亚的托兰斯县拘留所存在对被关押者实施酷刑现象。在夜间，每隔15分钟就会有一名警卫开着收音机的最大音量走过这些房间，大声地敲着门，并用手电筒强光照进房间，吵醒任何可能睡着的人。在寒冷的天气里，每个房间的通风管道整夜都在吹冷空气。一些人试图用卫生纸或毯子盖住通风口，但警卫们拿走了用来阻挡冷空气的任何东西。这些牢房里，厕所污水和粪便溢出，人们被迫睡在臭气熏天的地板上。（注130）
Migrants are also subjected to torture and other forms of inhuman treatment. In fiscal year 2023, the number of immigrants apprehended or deported at the U.S. southern border reached more than 2.4 million, another record high. The UN Human Rights Committee expressed concern about the prolonged periods of immigration detention in the United States, criticizing the poor conditions at overcrowded detention facilities in the country, where detainees are denied access to food, water and medical care, resulting in the deaths of many people, including children; Public and private immigration detention facilities are plagued by human rights abuses such as sexual violence, prolonged solitary confinement, and abuse. The Guardian website reported on Dec. 6, 2023, that the Stewart facility, an immigration and customs enforcement detention center in Lumpkin, Georgia, operated by CoreCivic, has been the subject of recent reports detailing alarming issues, including deaths, prolonged solitary confinement, sexual abuse and medical neglect. On Feb. 15, 2023, the Innovation Law Lab released a report revealing the torture of detainees at the Torrance County Detention Facility in Estancia, New Mexico, operated by CoreCivic. During the night, every 15 minutes a guard walks by the rooms with their radios at full volume, bangs on the doors loudly and shines strong flashlights into the rooms, waking up anyone who may fall asleep. It is severely cold and in each cell, the air ducts blast cold air all night. Some of the men try to use toilet paper or blankets to cover the vents, but the guards remove anything the men use to block the cold air. In some of the pods, flooded toilets overflow with feces spilling out onto the floor in cells where some of the men are forced to sleep.

边境政策助长现代奴隶制。美国政府的边境政策加剧人口贩运问题。被遗弃在边境州城镇或被运往全国各地的移民，往往处于孤立无援境地，最容易受到剥削和贩运。那些非法越境后聚集在拥挤、缺乏监管的庇护所的儿童也成为人口贩子的猎物。（注131）在美国被贩运的人中，72%是移民，其中大部分是通过偷渡入境，人口贩运的受害者多是妇女和儿童。打击贩卖妇女联盟的一项研究估计，60%的越境无人陪伴移民儿童被犯罪集团强迫从事儿童色情甚至贩毒活动。（注132）《今日美国报》网站2023年6月18日报道，移民被贩毒集团诱骗到加利福尼亚州北部和俄勒冈州南部的农场从事大麻种植，遭受奴役和强迫劳动。被贩卖的移民在大麻农场遭持枪恐吓，每天被迫工作16个小时甚至更长时间，有时连饭都吃不上。移民妇女遭到性侵犯，有些人被谋杀，尸体被丢弃在荒野中。（注133）美国哥伦比亚广播公司新闻网2023年7月27日报道，近60名遭人口贩运的受害者被偷运到加利福尼亚中部的一个非法大麻种植场所，被强迫加工大麻，向偷运者偿还债务。（注134）
U.S. border policies facilitate modern slavery. The U.S. government's border policies exacerbate the problem of human trafficking. Migrants abandoned in border state towns or transported across the country are often isolated and most vulnerable to exploitation and trafficking. Children who cross the border illegally and gather in crowded, lightly supervised shelters also fall prey to traffickers. 72 percent of those trafficked in the United States are immigrants. Most of them are here illegally. Many are women and children who are highly vulnerable to being smuggled and eventually trafficked. A study from the Coalition Against Trafficking In Women estimated that 60 percent of unaccompanied alien children are caught by cartels and exploited through child pornography and drug trafficking. On Jun. 18, 2023, the USA Today reported that criminal syndicates lure migrants to grow marijuana in farms of Northern California and Southern Oregon, where they are subjected to slavery and forced to work. Some workers were stun gunned, while others were made to work 16 or more hours without a break and sometimes without a meal. And women are sometimes sexually assaulted. Some disappear, presumed murdered, their bodies discarded within the area's vast wilderness. About 60 suspected human trafficking victims working at a black market marijuana facility in central California, are forced to grow marijuana and pay their debts to the smugglers, according to CBS News reported on July 27, 2023.

移民儿童遭受残酷的强迫劳动与剥削。《纽约时报》网站2023年2月25日刊文揭露了美国工厂非法雇佣移民童工和强迫劳动的事实。报道称，自2021年以来，大约有25万名无人陪伴的移民儿童进入美国。为了生存以及偿还担保人的各项费用，大部分儿童受到强迫劳动和剥削。移民童工的身影遍布全国数十个州的各危险行业，如建筑工地和屠宰场，经常上夜班和从事危险的工作，成为经济剥削形式中的“影子劳动力”。（注135）美国移民管理机构未经合理审查就将被拘押的儿童交由“担保人”领走，事实上成为人口贩运的共谋。在阿拉巴马州，一个12岁的移民女孩被迫在汽车零件冲压车间通宵工作；一个12岁儿童来到佛罗里达州的第二天就被安排去做盖屋顶工作；一个13岁的男孩在密歇根州养鸡场每天工作12小时，每周工作6天。（注136）立法机构充当了纵容剥削童工的角色。美国经济政策研究所2023年3月14日发布报告揭露，2023年阿肯色州通过新的立法，取消了儿童须经父母许可的工作要求，明目张胆地为企业雇佣与家人分离的移民童工开脱责任。（注137）
Alone and exploited, migrant children work brutal jobs across the U.S. In an article published on Feb. 25, 2023, the New York Times uncovered the illegal employment of immigrant child labor and forced labor in American factories. The report revealed that as of the time of publication, more than 250,000 children have entered the United States by themselves. To survive and repay the expenses of their sponsors, most children are subjected to forced labor and exploitation. The presence of immigrant child labor is pervasive across numerous hazardous industries in dozens of states nationwide, such as construction sites and slaughterhouses. They often work night shifts and engage in perilous tasks, becoming a “shadow work force” within forms of economic exploitation. Without proper scrutiny, American immigration authorities release detained children to 'sponsors,' effectively becoming complicit in human trafficking. In Alabama, a 12-year-old immigrant girl was forced to work overnight shifts making auto parts; a 12-year-old child arrived in Florida and was promptly assigned roofing work the next day. A 13-year-old boy worked 12-hour shifts, six days a week, at a commercial egg farm in Michigan. Legislative bodies have played a role in enabling the exploitation of child labor. In a report published on March 14, 2023, the Economic Policy Institute of the United States exposed that in Arkansas, Governor Sarah Huckabee Sanders has signed into law a 2023 bill repealing restrictions on work for 14- and 15-year-olds. Under the new law, children under 16 will no longer need to provide an employment certificate from the Division of Labor that verifies proof of their age and parental consent to work. This action brazenly absolves responsibility for businesses hiring immigrant child laborers separated from their families.

六、美式霸权制造人道主义危机
VI. American Hegemony Creates Humanitarian Crises

美国长期以来大搞霸权主义、单边主义和强权政治。以军事霸权威胁全球安全稳定，肆意进行军事干涉，搅动区域局势，挑动代理人战争，加剧地区武装冲突，滥施单边制裁，并以反恐为名实施非法拘禁和酷刑。
For decades, the United States has pursued hegemony, unilateralism, and power politics. Leveraging military dominance to threaten global security and stability, it has unabashedly engaged in military interventions, stirred regional tensions, instigated proxy wars, exacerbated armed conflicts, imposed unilateral sanctions, and under the pretext of counter-terrorism, carried out illegal detentions and torture.

发动海外战争制造持久性人道主义灾难。美国布朗大学“战争代价”项目网站2023年5月发布的研究报告显示，“9·11”事件后，在美国进行海外“反恐”战争的战区，总死亡人数至少为450万至470万人，其中因战争破坏经济、环境、公共服务以及卫生基础设施所造成的间接死亡人数约达360万至380万人。（注138）
Initiating overseas wars creates enduring humanitarian disasters. A research report released in May 2023 by Brown University's “Costs of War” project website reveals that in the theaters of war where the United States conducted overseas “counter-terrorism” operations following the 9/11 attacks, the total death toll ranges from at least 4.5 to 4.7 million people. Among them, the number of deaths indirectly caused by war-related economic disruption, environmental damage, loss of public services, and health-care infrastructure is estimated to be around 3.6 to 3.8 million people.

通过“外国代理人计划”侵犯他国主权和人权。为了确保在未来的行动中拥有足够的资金和权限去支持外国武装力量，美国特种作战司令部推动了一项立法，即“1208”方案，并最终使其写入《美国法典》第10卷127e条。根据该法条，美国国防部每财年可获得一笔预算，用于支持那些协助美国特种部队实施“反恐”行动的外国军队、非常规武装力量、组织及个人。布伦南司法中心“自由与国家安全项目”法律顾问凯瑟琳·扬·埃布赖特指出，美国国防部依据127e条款招募、训练、装备外国军队和准军事人员及个人，向其支付工资，创建代理人部队并指挥和控制他们，使其代表美军追求军事目标。（注139）美国布朗大学网站2023年9月发布的报告显示，美国已在阿富汗、古巴、伊拉克、肯尼亚、马里、索马里、叙利亚、也门、埃及、黎巴嫩、利比亚、尼日尔和突尼斯等国家开展过被称为“127e”的行动。（注140）《纽约时报》网站2023年5月14日报道，“127e”项目并未对代理人在执行计划时是否存在强奸、酷刑、法外处决等侵犯人权行为进行监督和审查。（注141）
Violating the sovereignty and human rights of other nations via “proxy forces” programs. In order to ensure sufficient funds and authority for future operations to support foreign militaries, the United States Special Operations Command has championed legislation known as Section 1208, ultimately enshrined in Section 127e of Title 10 of the United States Code. According to this provision, the Department of Defense is allocated an annual budget to assist foreign militaries, paramilitaries, and private individuals that are “supporting” U.S. counterterrorism operations. Katherine Yon Ebright, who serves as counsel with the Brennan Center’s Liberty & National Security Program, pointed out that under Section 127e, the Department of Defense recruits, trains, equips, and pays the salaries of foreign militaries, paramilitaries, and private individuals, creates proxy forces who pursue military objectives alongside of and on behalf of U.S. forces. A report released on the Brown University website in September 2023 reveals that the United States has conducted operations known as “127e” in countries including Afghanistan, Cuba, Iraq, Kenya, Mali, Somalia, Syria, Yemen, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Niger, and Tunisia. According to a report on The New York Times website on May 14, 2023, the “127e” program does not mention violations of human rights — such as rape, torture or extrajudicial killings.

持续向冲突地区提供武器。美国国防部2023年7月7日发布的新闻稿显示，美国向乌克兰提供的价值8亿美元的额外军事援助中，包含大量集束弹药。（注142）联合国秘书长副发言人哈克2023年7月7日回答记者提问时表示，联合国秘书长安东尼奥·古特雷斯希望各国遵守《集束弹药公约》，不要在战场上继续使用集束弹药。（注143）联合国人权高专办网站2023年9月20日报道，联合国人权理事会酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员爱丽丝·吉尔·爱德华兹2023年7月向美国政府发出紧急信函，警告集束弹药会对平民造成严重伤害。（注144）《华盛顿邮报》网站2023年12月11日报道，美国每年流入以色列的军火达数十亿美元，以色列在10月对黎巴嫩南部的一次袭击中使用了美国供应的白磷弹药，造成至少9名平民受伤。（注145）美国国务院政治军事事务局前局长乔希·保罗2023年10月18日在《纽约时报》网站发表专栏文章指出，美国每年向以色列提供至少38亿美元军事援助，加沙地带最严重的人员伤亡大多是由美国提供的弹药所导致，谴责这种军事援助无视人权问题。（注146）美国人权组织“宪法权利中心”2023年11月16日报道，灭绝种族与死刑问题专家威廉·沙巴斯指责美国未能履行防止种族灭绝的法律义务，违反了习惯国际法和《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》。（注147）
Continued provision of arms to conflict zones. A press release by the U.S. Defense Department on July 7, 2023 showed that the United States provided Ukraine with an additional security assistance up to 800 million U.S. dollars, which includes a significant amount of cluster munitions. Responding to questions from reporters on July 7, 2023, Deputy Spokesperson for the Secretary-General Farhan Haq stated that UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres hopes all countries adhere to the Convention on Cluster Munitions and refrain from the continued use of cluster munitions on the battlefield. According to a report on the website of the UN Human Rights Office on Sept. 20, 2023, Alice Jill Edwards, the UN Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, sent an urgent communication to the U.S. government in July 2023, warning that cluster munitions may be extremely harmful to civilian populations, causing death and life-altering permanent injuries. According to a report on The Washington Post on Dec. 11, 2023, billions of dollars' worth of U.S. munitions flow to Israel every year. In October, Israel used U.S.-supplied white phosphorus munitions in an October attack in southern Lebanon that injured at least nine civilians. Josh Paul, a former director in the State Department’s political-military affairs bureau, pointed out in an article on New York Times on Oct. 18, 2023, that the United States currently provides Israel with at least 3.8 billion U.S. dollars in annual military assistance. Most of the severe casualties in the Gaza Strip are caused by U.S.-supplied ammunition, he said, and he condemns this military aid for ignoring human rights issues. The Center for Constitutional Rights, a progressive non-profit legal advocacy organization based in New York City, reported on Nov. 16, 2023, that William Schabas, the world’s leading legal expert on genocide, condemns the United States’ breach of its legal duty to prevent it, as required under customary international law and the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

臭名昭著的关塔那摩监狱仍在运行。美国政府多次承诺关闭关塔那摩监狱，却一再食言。截至2023年，这座臭名昭著的监狱仍在运行。联合国人权理事会在反恐中促进和保障人权问题特别报告员菲奥努阿拉·尼奥莱因于2023年6月26日结束对关塔那摩监狱的访问后指出，该监狱中仍有约30人在押，每一位被关押者都因引渡、酷刑和任意拘留而遭受持续不断的伤害，受到残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇，关闭监狱是当务之急；绝大多数曾被关押者的人权继续遭受侵犯，美国政府在向曾被关押者提供有尊严的生活所需的基本手段方面存在严重缺陷，包括合法身份、医疗保健、教育、住房、家庭团聚和行动自由，这些缺陷违反了美国在移交被关押者之前、期间和之后的国际法义务。（注148）2023年2月16日，曾在关塔那摩监狱被任意关押14年多的艺术家、活动家曼苏尔·阿代菲在半岛电视台网站发表评论指出：“在遭受十几年的虐待后，美国干脆把我们抛弃了，没有提供任何支持、照顾或补偿。”（注149）
The notorious Guantanamo prison is still in operation. The U.S. government has repeatedly promised to close Guantanamo prison, but has repeatedly broken its promise. As of 2023, the notorious prison is still in operation. After ending her visit to Guantanamo prison on June 26, 2023, Fionnuala Ni Aolain, the UN special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, pointed out that there are still about 30 people in custody in the prison, and every detainee she met lives with unrelenting, ongoing harms following from systematic practices of rendition, torture, and arbitrary detention. It is imperative to close the prison. The human rights of the vast majority of former detainees continue to be violated, and the U.S. government has “serious shortcomings in the provision of the essential means that former detainees need to live a dignified life, including legal identity, health care, education, housing, family reunification, and freedom of movement.” which violate the obligations of the United States under international law before, during and after the transfer of detainees. On February 16, 2023, Mansoor Adayfi, an artist and activist who had been arbitrarily detained in Guantanamo prison for over 14 years, commented on the Al Jazeera website, “After decades of abuse, the United States simply threw us away, offering no support, care or compensation.”

长期滥施单边制裁造成严重人道主义后果。自1950年以来，美国使用的制裁次数居全球之首。根据美国财政部2023年12月28日公布的数据，美国制裁的国家超过20个。（注150）第78届联合国大会发言人2023年11月1日指出，美国对古巴实施的经济、商业和金融封锁违反了《联合国宪章》，对古巴人民造成了毁灭性影响。（注151）联合国大会2023年11月2日通过决议，再次敦促美国终止对古巴长达60多年的经济、商业和金融封锁，这是联合国大会连续第31年通过类似决议。2023年1月28日，联合国人权事务高级专员沃尔克·图尔克在访问委内瑞拉后表示，2017年以来美国施加的制裁加剧了委内瑞拉的经济危机，严重阻碍人权的实现。（注152）“美国保守派”网站2023年6月1日报道，美国制裁进一步加剧了叙利亚人民的贫困。叙利亚70%的人口面临食物短缺，其中1200万人三餐不继，290万人食不果腹。（注153）联合国人权理事会单边强制措施对人权负面影响问题特别报告员阿莱娜·杜晗2023年2月14日指出，美国对伊朗的制裁减少了地中海贫血症患者从国外进口救命药物的机会，导致伊朗患者的并发症和死亡率增加，是对健康权的侵犯。（注154）联合国人权理事会2023年4月3日通过决议指出，单边强制性措施会对目标国家广大民众的人权产生深远影响，对穷人和处境最脆弱的人影响尤为严重。决议谴责某些大国继续单方面适用单边强制性措施。美国在该决议表决中投了反对票。（注155）
Prolonged and indiscriminate use of unilateral sanctions has caused serious humanitarian consequences. Since 1950, the United States has used more sanctions than any other country in the world. According to data released by the U.S. Treasury Department on December 28, 2023, the United States has sanctioned more than 20 countries. The Speaker of the 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly stated on 1 November 2023 that the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States against Cuba violates the Charter of the United Nations and has had a devastating impact on the Cuban people. On November 2, 2023, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution once again urging the United States to end the more than 60-year economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba, the 31st consecutive year of such a resolution. On January 28, 2023, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Turk said after a visit to Venezuela that the sanctions imposed by the United States since 2017 "have exacerbated the economic crisis and hindered human rights." The "American Conservative" website reported on June 1, 2023, that the U.S. sanctions have further exacerbated the poverty of the Syrian people. Seventy percent of Syria's population faces food shortages, including "12 million people do not know where their next meal is coming from" and "2.9 million people are at risk of sliding into hunger." Alena Douhan, the UN Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights, stated on February 14, 2023 that the U.S. sanctions against Iran "affect the import of life-saving iron-regulating medicines for Iranian thalassemia patients. This not only violates their right to health, but also results in increased complications and mortality rates,” the experts said. The United Nations Human Rights Council adopted a resolution on 3 April 2023 stating that unilateral coercive measures "have far-reaching implications for the human rights of the general population of targeted States, disproportionately affecting the poor and persons in the most vulnerable situations." The resolution condemns the continued unilateral application of unilateral coercive measures by certain powers. The United States voted against the resolution.

结语
Conclusion

当前，人类社会面临前所未有的挑战，世界又一次站在历史的十字路口。美国存在的诸般人权问题，不仅使人权在美国实质上异化为少数人享有的特权，也严重威胁和阻碍着世界人权事业的健康发展。
At present, the human society is facing unprecedented challenges, and the world once again stands at the crossroads of history. Various human rights problems in the United States not only turned its own human rights essentially into a privilege enjoyed by a few, but also seriously threatened and hindered the healthy development of the world human rights cause.

质胜于华，行胜于言。能否以符合时代特征、顺应历史潮流的理念和举措破解美国人权困局，美国人民在期待，国际社会在观察，美国政府要回答。
Actions speak louder than words. Can the United States break through the impasse with ideas and initiatives that are in line with the characteristics of the times and the currents of history? The American people are waiting, the international community is watching, and the U.S. government must respond.

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