动名词和不定式都是非谓语动词形式,但在用法和意义上有明显区别。以下是它们的主要区别:
1. 形式
- 动名词:动词的 -ing 形式(如:doing)。
- 不定式:to + 动词原形(如:to do)。
2. 句法功能
2.1 动名词
动名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
- 作主语:
- Swimming is good for health.
(游泳对健康有益。)
- Swimming is good for health.
- 作宾语:
- She enjoys reading books.
(她喜欢读书。)
- She enjoys reading books.
- 作表语:
- His hobby is painting.
(他的爱好是绘画。)
- His hobby is painting.
- 作定语:
- This is a swimming pool.
(这是一个游泳池。)
- This is a swimming pool.
2.2 不定式
不定式在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
- 作主语:
- To learn a new language is challenging.
(学习一门新语言很有挑战性。)
- To learn a new language is challenging.
- 作宾语:
- He wants to go home.
(他想回家。)
- He wants to go home.
- 作表语:
- His goal is to become a doctor.
(他的目标是成为一名医生。)
- His goal is to become a doctor.
- 作定语:
- She has a lot of homework to do.
(她有很多作业要做。)
- She has a lot of homework to do.
- 作状语:
- He came to help me.
(他来帮助我。)
- He came to help me.
- 作补语:
- I want you to be happy.
(我希望你快乐。)
- I want you to be happy.
3. 意义区别
3.1 动名词
动名词通常表示 一般性、习惯性或已发生的动作。
- 例句:
- Smoking is harmful to health.
(吸烟对健康有害。) - I remember seeing him before.
(我记得以前见过他。)
- Smoking is harmful to health.
3.2 不定式
不定式通常表示 具体的、未来的或未发生的动作。
- 例句:
- He hopes to see you soon.
(他希望很快见到你。) - She decided to quit her job.
(她决定辞职。)
- He hopes to see you soon.
4. 与动词的搭配
某些动词后只能接动名词或不定式,有些动词两者皆可,但意义不同。
4.1 只能接动名词的动词
如 enjoy, avoid, consider, finish, mind 等。
- 例句:
- She enjoys reading novels.
(她喜欢读小说。) - He avoids meeting her.
(他避免见她。)
- She enjoys reading novels.
4.2 只能接不定式的动词
如 want, hope, decide, plan, promise 等。
- 例句:
- He wants to buy a new car.
(他想买一辆新车。) - She hopes to pass the exam.
(她希望通过考试。)
- He wants to buy a new car.
4.3 可接动名词或不定式的动词
如 like, love, hate, begin, start 等,但意义可能不同。
- 例句:
- She likes swimming.
(她喜欢游泳。)(一般性爱好) - She likes to swim in the morning.
(她喜欢早上游泳。)(具体习惯)
- She likes swimming.
5. 与介词的搭配
动名词常与介词搭配,不定式则不能直接接介词。
- 例句:
- He is interested in learning French.
(他对学习法语感兴趣。) - She is afraid of failing the exam.
(她害怕考试不及格。)
- He is interested in learning French.
总结
动名词和不定式在形式、句法功能、意义及动词搭配上有明显区别:
- 动名词:表示一般性或已发生的动作,常作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
- 不定式:表示具体或未来的动作,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
- 某些动词只能接动名词或不定式,有些两者皆可但意义不同。