不定式的时态和语态用于表达动作发生的时间和主被动关系。以下是其常见形式及用法:
1. 不定式的时态
不定式有四种时态:一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。
1.1 一般式 (to do)
表示与谓语动词同时或之后发生的动作。
- 例句:
- She wants to go to the park.
(她想去公园。) - He hopes to see you soon.
(他希望很快见到你。)
- She wants to go to the park.
1.2 进行式 (to be doing)
表示与谓语动词同时进行的动作。
- 例句:
- She seems to be waiting for someone.
(她似乎在等某人。) - He pretended to be reading a book.
(他假装在看书。)
- She seems to be waiting for someone.
1.3 完成式 (to have done)
表示在谓语动词之前已完成的动作。
- 例句:
- She is happy to have finished her homework.
(她很高兴完成了作业。) - He seems to have forgotten the meeting.
(他似乎忘记了会议。)
- She is happy to have finished her homework.
1.4 完成进行式 (to have been doing)
表示在谓语动词之前一直在进行的动作。
- 例句:
- She seems to have been working all day.
(她似乎一整天都在工作。) - He is said to have been studying abroad for years.
(据说他已经在国外学习多年。)
- She seems to have been working all day.
2. 不定式的语态
不定式有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
2.1 主动语态 (to do)
表示主语是动作的执行者。
- 例句:
- She wants to write a letter.
(她想写一封信。) - He hopes to win the game.
(他希望赢得比赛。)
- She wants to write a letter.
2.2 被动语态 (to be done)
表示主语是动作的承受者。
- 例句:
- The book needs to be read carefully.
(这本书需要仔细阅读。) - The task is expected to be completed by tomorrow.
(任务预计明天完成。)
- The book needs to be read carefully.
3. 时态与语态的结合
不定式的时态和语态可以结合使用,形成多种形式。
- 一般式的被动语态 (to be done):
- The letter needs to be written by tomorrow.
(这封信需要在明天之前写好。)
- The letter needs to be written by tomorrow.
- 完成式的被动语态 (to have been done):
- The project is said to have been completed last week.
(据说项目上周已经完成。)
- The project is said to have been completed last week.
- 进行式的被动语态 (to be being done):
- The house seems to be being renovated.
(房子似乎在装修中。)
- The house seems to be being renovated.
- 完成进行式的被动语态 (to have been being done):
- The report is said to have been being prepared for weeks.
(据说报告已经准备了好几周。)
- The report is said to have been being prepared for weeks.
总结
不定式的时态和语态用于表达动作的时间和主被动关系。常见形式包括一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式,以及主动语态和被动语态。根据语境选择合适的时态和语态。