不定式作补语在英语语法中主要有两种用法:主语补语(表语)和宾语补语。以下是具体用法及示例:
一、不定式作主语补语(表语)
当不定式位于系动词(如 be, seem, appear 等)之后,补充说明主语的性质或内容时,即为主语补语。
结构:
主语 + 系动词 + 不定式(to do)
例句:
- His dream is to become a scientist. (他的梦想是成为科学家。)
→ 不定式 "to become" 说明主语 "dream" 的内容。 - The goal seems to be achieved. (目标似乎已经达成。)
→ 不定式被动形式 "to be achieved" 补充主语 "goal"。 - My job is to teach English. (我的工作是教英语。)
注意:
如果主语是抽象名词(如 goal, purpose, duty, job 等),表语常用不定式解释其具体内容。
二、不定式作宾语补语
当不定式位于宾语之后,补充说明宾语的动作或状态时,即为宾语补语。通常用于以下动词后:
1. 表示“要求、允许、命令”等动词
如:ask, tell, order, want, allow, encourage, force 等。
结构:
主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 不定式(to do)
例句:
- She asked me to help her. (她让我帮她。)
- The teacher allowed the students to leave early. (老师允许学生早退。)
- He wants his son to study abroad. (他想让儿子出国留学。)
2. 表示“心理感受”的动词
如:expect, wish, like, hate, prefer 等。
例句:
- I expect you to finish the work on time. (我期待你按时完成工作。)
- She hates people to lie. (她讨厌别人说谎。)
3. 使役动词和感官动词(需省略 to)
如:let, make, have, see, hear, watch, feel 等。
结构:
主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 不带 to 的不定式(do)
例句:
- The movie made me cry. (这部电影让我哭了。)
- I saw him enter the room. (我看见他进了房间。)
- Let me try. (让我试试。)
注意:
被动语态中,感官动词和使役动词后的不定式需恢复 to。
例:He was seen to enter the room. (有人看见他进了房间。)
三、特殊注意事项
- 疑问词 + 不定式 作补语:
- I don't know what to do. (我不知道该做什么。)
- The question is how to solve it. (问题是如何解决它。)
- 省略 to 的情况:
- 使役动词(let, make, have)和感官动词(see, hear等)后,不定式需省略 to(主动语态中)。
- 被动语态中的不定式:
- He was forced to apologize. (他被迫道歉。)
- The car needs to be repaired. (这辆车需要修理。)
总结
类型 | 结构 | 常见动词 | 示例 |
---|---|---|---|
主语补语 | 主语 + be + to do | be, seem, appear | His duty is to protect. |
宾语补语 | 动词 + 宾语 + to do(或 do) | ask, want, make, see | She told me to wait. |
掌握不定式作补语的关键是理解其与主语或宾语的逻辑关系,并熟记相关动词的搭配规则。