pain(ed)

1.说“痛”用pain, a pain和pains都可以，例如：I have pain in the stomach. I have a pain in the stomach. There is a pain in my stomach. I have pains in the stomach.和I have pains all over.但I am in pain里的pain前面不可加上a，也不可改作复数形式pains。

2.说“努力”或“辛劳”必须用复数形式pains，但不一定被当作复数，如下面每组里的两句都可以说（第一句比第二句普通）：

• Great pains have been taken with her education.
  Great pains has been taken with her education.
• No pains have been spared.
  No pains has been spared.
• Your pains are wasted.
  Your pains is wasted.

但只可说much pains和little pains，不可说many pains和few pains。much pains和little pains也往往被当作复数。

3.at pains（努力）后面接不定式或以that引导的从句，take pains后面接不定式或in和动名词或with和名词。例如：

• I have been at some pains to secure the best available texts for the various selections included.
• He was at pains that people should not misunderstand him.（他努力使人们不误解他。）
• They are taking great pains to master English.
• They are taking great pains in studying English.
• You will be successful if you take pains with your work.

4.He is at pains to learn the facts和He is at the pains of learning

the facts意思相同。注意在第一句里不可在pains前面加上the。

5.I am pained to see this和She was pained to hear of his death和He looks pained等句子里的pained都指精神上的痛苦。pained现在很少指肉体上的痛苦，如通常不说He is wounded and pained，该把pained改作in pain。

6.The wound in my arm is paining里的paining作“给（我）痛苦”解，My arm is paining里的paining可以说也作“给（我）痛苦”解，但也可以作“受到痛苦”解。

7.on（或under）pain of（假使违犯了便要受…的处罚）中没有the，比较下面每组里的两句：

• David was ordered to do it on(或under)pain of death.(大卫被命令做这个,不做便要被处死。)
  David was ordered not to do it on(或under)pain of death.(大卫被禁止做这个,做了便要被处死。)
• David was told that he must(或should)keep the secret on(或under)pain ofdeath.(大卫被告知,他必须保守那秘密,否则要被处死。)
  David was told that he must(或should)not reveal the secret on(或under)pain ofdeath.(大卫被告知,他一定不可泄漏那秘密,否则便要被处死。)

8.关于a pained look（一个痛苦的神情）等，参见much 3 (5) E