专业四级语法 | 非谓语动词的基本用法考点归纳

非谓语动词(non predicate verb),又叫非限定动词(nonfinite verb),是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式。

非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。

1. 非谓语动词的否定形式:否定词 not 均加在非谓语动词或者非谓语动词短语的最前面。例如:

  • Not being tall is not aserious disadvantage in life.

2. 非谓语动词的时态和语态。

一般说来,动名词和现在分词的一般时表示该动作和主句的动作同时发生,完成时则表示该动作发生在主句动作之前;过去分词的一般时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前,进行时表示该动作和主句动作同时发生;不定式的一般时表示该动作发生在主句动作之后,进行时表示该动作和主句动作同时发生,完成时则表示该动作发生在主句动作之前。

动名词、现在分词和不定式的一般时均表示该动作与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系,如果两者之间是被动关系,则要使用相应的被动形式;过去分词表示该动作与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系。

a) 现在分词

  • 一般时:Do you see the man talking to the dean?
  • 一般被动式:You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
  • 完成时:Not having made adequate preparations, they failed.
  • 完成被动式:Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.

b) 过去分词

一般时:Fight no battle unprepared.

c) 不定式

  • 一般时:He decided to work harder.
  • 一般被动式:He preferred to be assigned some heavier work.
  • 进行时:They are said to be holding a meeting now.
  • 完成时:He pretended not to have seen me.
  • 完成被动式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

d) 动名词

  • 一般时:I enjoy swimming in the big river.
  • 一般被动式:This question is far from being settled.
  • 完成时:I regret not having taken your advice.
  • 完成被动式(通常用一般被动式代替):I still remember being invited/having been invited by a famous artist when I was in Shanghai.