2023年3月28日电国务院新闻办公室28日发表《2022年美国侵犯人权报告》，揭露美国侵犯人权的真相。以下是报告双语全文。
2022年美国侵犯人权报告
The Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States in 2022
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
2023年3月
The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China
March 2023
目录
Contents
序言
Foreword
一、公民权利保护制度严重失能
I. Dysfunctional Civil Rights Protection System
二、美式选举民主日益空心化
II. Hollowed-out American-style Electoral Democracy
三、种族歧视与不平等愈演愈烈
III. Growing Racial Discrimination and Inequality
四、底层民众基本生存危机加重
IV. Worsening Subsistence Crisis among U.S. Underclass
五、妇女儿童权利历史性倒退
V. Historic Retrogression in Women's and Children's Rights
六、恣意侵犯他国人权践踏正义
VI. Wanton Violation of Other Countries' Human Rights and Trampling on Justice
序言
Foreword
2022年是美国人权状况标志性倒退的一年。自诩“人权卫士”的美国，金钱政治、种族歧视、枪支泛滥、警察暴力、贫富分化等痼疾难除，人权立法司法大开历史倒车，美国人民的基本权利和自由被进一步架空。
The year 2022 witnessed a landmark setback for U.S. human rights. In the United States, a country labeling itself a "human rights defender," "chronic diseases" such as money politics, racial discrimination, gun and police violence, and wealth polarization are rampant. Human rights legislation and justice have seen an extreme retrogression, further undermining the basic rights and freedoms of the American people.
政府大幅放松枪支管制，枪支暴力致死人数居高不下。联邦最高法院2022年对“布鲁恩案”的裁决成为美国控枪领域的标志性倒退。美国近一半的州放松了持枪限制。美国的枪支拥有率、涉枪凶杀率、大规模枪击事件数量均居世界第一，2022年是有记录以来美国连续第三年发生超过600起大规模枪击事件，枪支暴力导致超过8万人死伤。枪支暴力已经成为一种“美国疾病”。
The U.S. government has greatly relaxed gun control, resulting in high death toll from gun violence. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the Bruen case in 2022 became a landmark regression in the field of gun control in the United States. Nearly half of U.S. states have relaxed gun restrictions. The United States leads the world in gun ownership, gun homicide and mass shootings, with more than 80,000 people killed or injured by gun violence in 2022, the third consecutive year on record that the United States experiences more than 600 mass shootings. Gun violence has become an "American disease."
中期选举成为最昂贵的选举，美式民主失去民意基础。美国的选举费用一再飙升，2022年中期选举累计花费超过167亿美元。亿万富翁的政治献金占所有联邦政治项目献金的15%，远高于2020年选举周期的11%。“黑金”捐赠暗中操控选举走向，政治极化和社会撕裂导致民主共识难以达成。69%的美国人认为美国民主面临“崩溃风险”，86%的美国选民表示美国民主面临“非常严重的威胁”，人们对美式民主普遍感到绝望。
Midterm elections have become the most expensive ones in the United States, and American-style democracy has lost its popular support. The cost of elections in the United States has soared again, with cumulative spending of the 2022 midterm elections exceeding more than 16.7 billion U.S. dollars. Political donations from billionaires accounted for 15 percent of the federal total, up from 11 percent in the 2020 election cycle. "Dark money" donations manipulate U.S. elections furtively, and political polarization and social fragmentation make it difficult for the country to reach a democratic consensus. With 69 percent of Americans believing their democracy is at "risk of collapse" and 86 percent of American voters saying it faces "very serious threats," there is a general public disillusionment of American-style democracy.
种族主义愈演愈烈，少数族裔遭受广泛歧视。美国基于种族偏见的仇恨犯罪在2020年至2022年间大幅增长。布法罗超市种族主义屠杀惨案震惊世界，10名非洲裔美国人遇害。81%的亚裔美国人表示针对亚裔社区的暴力正在增加。非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性是白人的2.78倍。美国政府历史上对印第安等原住民采取种族灭绝、文化同化措施，造成的苦难至今仍在延续。
Racism is on the rise and ethnic minorities suffer widespread discrimination. Hate crimes based on racial bias in the United States increased dramatically between 2020 and 2022. The racist massacre at a Buffalo supermarket, with 10 African-Americans killed, has shocked the world. A total of 81 percent of Asian Americans say violence against Asian communities is surging. African Americans are 2.78 times more likely to be killed by police than whites. The sufferings caused by genocide and cultural assimilation taken by the U.S. government against Indians and other aborigines in history still persist today.
人均预期寿命大幅下降，药物滥用致死人数持续攀升。美国疾病控制和预防中心下属全国健康状况统计中心2022年8月发布的报告显示，2019年至2021年，美国人均预期寿命下降了2.7岁，至76.1岁，降至1996年来新低。利益集团和政客进行权钱交易，放任毒品和药物滥用愈演愈烈。近年来死于毒品和药物滥用的美国人急剧增加，每年超过10万人。药物滥用已经成为美国最具破坏性的公共卫生危机之一。
Life expectancy has plummeted, and deaths from drug abuse continue to climb. According to a report released in August 2022 by the National Center for Health Statistics under the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average life expectancy in the United States dropped by 2.7 years to 76.1 years from 2019 to 2021, the lowest since 1996. Interest groups and politicians trade power for money, allowing drug and substance abuse to flourish. The number of Americans dying from drug and substance abuse has increased dramatically in recent years, to more than 100,000 per year. Substance abuse has become one of America's most devastating public health crises.
妇女堕胎失去宪法保护，儿童生存环境令人担忧。美国联邦最高法院推翻“罗伊诉韦德案”的裁决终结了近50年来受宪法保护的堕胎权，是对妇女人权和性别平等的巨大打击。2022年美国有超过5800名18岁以下的儿童因枪击受伤或死亡，校园枪击事件数量高达302起，创1970年以来的最高值。美国儿童贫困率从2021年12月的12.1%上升至2022年5月的16.6%，增加了330万贫困儿童。2018年以来被非法雇用的童工激增近70%，2022财年受雇专门从事危险工作的儿童增加了26%。
Women have lost constitutional protections for abortion, and children's living environment is worrying. The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling overturning Roe v. Wade has ended women's right to abortion protected by the U.S. Constitution for nearly 50 years, which lands a huge blow to women's human rights and gender equality. In 2022, more than 5,800 children under the age of 18 got injured or killed by shooting in the United States, and the number of school shootings amounted to 302, the highest since 1970. The child poverty rate in the United States increased from 12.1 percent in December 2021 to 16.6 percent in May 2022, with 3.3 million more children living in poverty. The United States had seen a nearly 70 percent increase in child labor violations since 2018, and registered a 26 percent increase in minors employed in hazardous occupations in fiscal year 2022.
滥用武力和单边制裁，制造人道主义灾难。21世纪以来，美国以“反恐”为名在85个国家开展军事行动，直接导致至少92.9万平民死亡，3800万人流离失所。美国实施的单边制裁总数为世界之最，目前仍在对20多个国家实施制裁，导致被制裁国家无法向其人民提供基本的食物和药品。移民沦为党争工具，“抛甩”移民闹剧大规模上演，面临极端仇外和残酷对待。2022年有近240万移民被拘留在美国边境，创历史新高；南部边境移民死亡总数达856人，是死亡人数最多的一年。
U.S. abuse of force and unilateral sanctions has created humanitarian disasters. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the United States has carried out military operations in 85 countries in the name of "anti-terrorism," which directly claimed at least 929,000 civilian lives and displaced 38 million people. The United States has imposed more unilateral sanctions than any other country in the world, and it still has sanctions in place against more than 20 countries, resulting in the inability of those targeted to provide basic food and medicine for their people. Immigration issue has become a tool of partisan fight, and immigration farces have been staged on a large scale, making immigrants face extreme xenophobia and cruel treatment. There were a record high of nearly 2.4 million migrant arrests at the nation's border in 2022, and the death toll of immigrants at its southern border reached 856, the deadliest in a single year.
建基于殖民主义、种族主义奴隶制和劳动、占有、分配不平等之上的美国，在两极分化的经济分配格局、种族冲突的社会格局以及资本利益集团操控的政治格局相互作用下，近年来进一步陷入制度失灵、治理缺位、族群撕裂、社会动荡的泥潭。
The United States, founded on colonialism, racist slavery and inequality in labor, possession and distribution, has further fallen into a quagmire of system failure, governance deficits, racial divide and social unrest in recent years under the interaction of its polarized economic distribution pattern, racial conflict dominated social pattern and capital interest groups controlled political pattern.
服务于寡头利益的美国政客，不仅日渐丧失了回应普通民众基本诉求、捍卫普通公民基本权利的主观意愿与客观能力，无力解决自身人权问题的结构性顽疾，反而恣意以人权为武器攻击他国，在国际社会制造对立、分裂和混乱，已成为全球人权发展的搅局者和阻碍者。
American politicians, serving the interests of oligarchs, have gradually lost their subjective will and objective ability to respond to the basic demands of ordinary people and defend the basic rights of ordinary citizens, and failed to solve their own structural problems of human rights. Instead, they wantonly use human rights as a weapon to attack other countries, creating confrontation, division and chaos in the international community, and have thus become a spoiler and obstructor of global human rights development.
一、公民权利保护制度严重失能
I. Dysfunctional Civil Rights Protection System
美国是一个由极端暴力定义的国家，民众遭受暴力犯罪和暴力执法的双重威胁，公民人身安全得不到保障。监狱人满为患，成为现代奴役场所，强迫劳动和性剥削司空见惯。美国自我标榜的公民权利和自由沦为空谈。
The United States is a country defined by extreme violence, where people are threatened by both violent crime and violent law enforcement, and their safety is far from being guaranteed. Prisons are overcrowded and have become a modern slavery establishment where forced labor and sexual exploitation are commonplace. America's self-proclaimed civil rights and freedoms have become empty talk.
政商勾结瘫痪控枪议程。美国枪支利益集团为维护自身利益，开展强大政治游说。政府罔顾民意大幅放松枪支管制范围，允许在医院、学校、酒吧以及体育馆等人员密集的公共场所携枪。彭博新闻社2022年7月3日报道，联邦最高法院6月23日对“布鲁恩案”的裁决，推翻了纽约州和其他六个州长达半个世纪的控枪立法，使这些州居民可以携带隐藏枪支，成为美国控枪领域的标志性倒退。（注1）《纽约时报》2022年10月28日报道，得克萨斯州一个联邦法院裁定，禁止21岁以下成年人携带手枪的州法律违宪。目前美国近一半的州放松了持枪限制。（注2）华盛顿大学教授鲁哈尼·拉赫巴尔表示：“从整体上看，在过去二三十年里，这个国家对持枪的法律控制明显呈现大幅放松的趋势。”（注3）美国学者帕梅拉·哈格所著《枪的合众国：美国枪文化的形成》一书指出，枪支在美国是一条“开始于生产线加工，结束于受害者死亡”的产业链。“美国枪支暴力的悲剧起源于世俗的枪支贸易。”（注4）
Collusion between politicians and businesses paralyzes the gun control agenda. U.S. gun interest groups have mounted powerful political lobbying for their own interests. In defiance of public opinion, the government has drastically relaxed gun controls, allowing guns to be carried in crowded public places such as hospitals, schools, bars and stadiums. On July 3, 2022, Bloomberg News reported that the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the "Bruen case" on June 23 overturned half a century's gun control legislation in New York and six other states. Residents of these states were allowed to make concealed carry, a landmark backward step in the field of gun control in the United States. The New York Times reported on Oct 28, 2022 that a federal court in Texas ruled that a state law banning adults under 21 from carrying handguns was unconstitutional. Nearly half of U.S. states have now relaxed gun restrictions. "The country has been moving as a whole, in the past two or three decades, very clearly and dramatically toward loosening gun-carrying laws," said Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, a professor at the University of Washington. American scholar Pamela Haag's book "The Gunning of America: Business and the Making of American Gun Culture" points out that guns in the United States are an industrial chain that "begins with production line and ends with the death of victims." "The tragedy of gun violence in America has its roots in the secular gun trade."
枪支暴力伴随枪支拥有量同步上升。（注5）《英国医学杂志》发布的一项研究显示，美国放松枪支管制导致枪支拥有率、大规模枪击事件发生率同步上升。（注6）美国人口不到世界人口的5%，却拥有全球民用枪支的46%。（注7）美国的枪支拥有率、涉枪凶杀率和大规模枪击事件数量均居世界第一。根据“枪支暴力档案”网站统计的数据，近年来美国的大规模枪击数量显著增长，2022年美国枪支暴力致死43341人，致伤37763人，发生大规模枪击事件636起，平均每天发生2起。（注8）美国的枪杀案发生率比加拿大高8倍，比法国高13倍，比澳大利亚高23倍。（注9）《澳大利亚人报》2022年6月25日评论称，“无论在媒体报道中，还是在街头实况中，美国都是一个完全由极端暴力定义的国家”。（注10）枪支暴力已经成为一种“美国疾病”。
Gun violence rises in tandem with gun ownership. A study published in the British Medical Journal suggests that the relaxation of gun control in the United States has led to a simultaneous rise in gun ownership and mass shootings. With less than 5 percent of the world's population, the United States owns 46 percent of the world's civilian guns. The United States leads the world in gun ownership, gun homicide, and mass shootings. According to the Gun Violence Archive website, the number of mass shootings in the United States has increased significantly in recent years. In 2022, gun violence killed 43,341 people, and injured 37,763 people, and 636 mass shootings occurred in the United States, an average of two a day. America's firearm homicide rate is eight times higher than Canada's, 13 times higher than France's, and 23 times higher than Australia's. In an opinion piece published on June 25, 2022, The Australian said that the United States "is a country all but defined by ultra-violence, in its media and on its streets." Gun violence has become an "American disease."
凶杀抢劫等恶性罪案持续上升。《今日美国报》2022年9月11日报道，2022年上半年，美国大城市主管协会（MCCA）成员城市的凶杀案与2019年同期相比增加了50%，严重袭击案增加了大约36%。（注11）《华尔街日报》2022年9月6日报道，截至2022年9月，新奥尔良的凶杀率与2019年同期相比上升了141%，枪击案增加了100%，劫车案增加了210%，武装抢劫案增加了25%。（注12）刑事司法委员会2022年7月28日发布的犯罪趋势分析报告显示，2022年上半年，美国主要城市抢劫案增加了19%，盗窃案增加了20%。（注13）福克斯新闻网2022年7月7日报道，纽约市自2021年6月以来的整体犯罪率上升了31%，重大盗窃案上升了41%，抢劫案上升了36%，入室盗窃案上升了近34%，每季度重罪袭击受害者增加约1000人。（注14）美国有线电视新闻网2022年6月8日报道，72%的美国人对国家减少或控制犯罪方面的政策不满意，80%的人对犯罪和暴力的担忧程度达到十年来新高。（注15）
Major crimes such as murder and robbery continue to rise. The USA Today reported on Sept. 11, 2022, that in the first half of 2022, homicides in member cities of the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA) increased by 50 percent and aggravated assaults by about 36 percent compared to the same period in 2019. The Wall Street Journal reported on Sept. 6, 2022 that as of September 2022, the homicide rate in New Orleans was up 141 percent, shootings up 100 percent, carjackings up 210 percent, and armed robberies up 25 percent, compared with the same period in 2019. According to a Council On Criminal Justice report on July 28, 2022, in the first half of 2022, robberies rose 19 percent and larcenies rose 20 percent in major U.S. cities. Fox News reported on July 7, 2022 that since June 2021, the overall crime in New York City increased by 31 percent, grand larceny by 41 percent, robberies by 36 percent, burglaries by nearly 34 percent, and felony assault victims increased by about 1,000 per quarter. According to a CNN report on June 8, 2022, 72 percent of Americans were dissatisfied with the country's policies on reducing or controlling crime, and more Americans said they worried a great or fair deal about crime and violence (80 percent) than at any point in well over a decade.
警察暴力执法愈演愈烈。“警察暴力地图”网站的数据显示，2022年，美国共有1239人死于警察暴力，达到历史峰值。全年没有发生警察杀人事件的天数仅有10天。大多数警察杀人事件往往发生在停车检查、处置非暴力犯罪等常规执法过程中。警察过度使用武力很少受到指控。在2013年至2022年的警察杀人事件中，有98.1%的当事警察未受到犯罪指控。（注16）2022年6月27日，俄亥俄州阿克伦市的警察向25岁手无寸铁的非洲裔美国人杰兰德·沃克开了90多枪，致其死亡。根据初步体检报告，沃克身上有60多处伤口。这是2021年12月至2022年6月期间，阿克伦市发生的第三起警察枪击事件。（注17）
Police violence gets worse. In 2022, a record 1,239 people died as a result of police violence in the United States, according to the website Mapping Police Violence. During the year, there were only 10 days when no police killing happened. Most police killings occur during routine law enforcement such as stop checks or when dealing with nonviolent crimes. Police are rarely accused of using excessive force. In police killings between 2013 and 2022, 98.1 percent of the officers involved were not charged with a crime. On June 27, 2022, police in Akron, Ohio fatally shot Jayland Walker, an unarmed 25-year-old African American, more than 90 times. According to a preliminary medical report, Walker had more than 60 wounds on his body. This was the third police shooting in Akron between December 2021 and June 2022.
囚犯生命健康遭受威胁。美国是全球监禁率最高的国家，监狱条件恶劣。英国《卫报》2022年10月1日报道，美国每10万人中有近500人被监禁，这一比率约是英国的5倍，加拿大的6倍，德国的9倍。（注18）“公平司法倡议”组织2022年4月25日发表文章指出，在密西西比州监狱中，囚犯被关在黑暗的牢房里，没有灯，也没有清洁用水，室温往往酷热难耐。（注19）《芝加哥太阳报》2022年2月19日报道，伊利诺伊州乔利埃特监狱的牢房里老鼠出没，腐烂的食物和未经处理的污水涌入公共区域。（注20）囚犯生命安全没有保障。囚犯权利刊物《监狱法律新闻》杂志2022年10月发表的研究指出，阿拉巴马州监狱系统警卫人员短缺和基础设施不足，导致监狱暴力发生率高，死亡囚犯多。2022年前8个月有39人死亡，其中30人非正常死亡。（注21）
The life and health of prisoners are threatened. The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, and prison conditions are terrible. According to a report in the Guardian on Oct. 1, 2022, nearly 500 people per 100,000 were incarcerated in the United States, which is about five times that of Britain, six times that of Canada, and nine times that of Germany. According to an article published by The Fair Justice Initiative organization on April 25, 2022, inmates in Mississippi prisons were kept in dark cells without lights or clean water, and the room temperature was often extremely hot. The Chicago Sun-Times reported on Feb. 19, 2022, that cells at the Joliet prison in Illinois were infested with rats, and rotten food and raw sewage overflowed into common areas. Prisoners' lives are not guaranteed. According to a study published in October 2022 in Prison Legal News, a publication on inmates' rights, a shortage of guards and inadequate infrastructure in Alabama's prison system led to high rates of violence and deaths among inmates. There were 39 deaths in the first eight months of 2022, 30 of which were unnatural ones.
监狱成为现代奴役场所。芝加哥大学法学院和美国公民自由联盟2022年6月16日联合发布的报告显示，美国联邦及各州监狱监禁的120万囚犯中，约有80万人从事强制劳动，占囚犯总数的65%。76%的受访囚犯表示，如果拒绝劳动，就会遭受单独监禁、无法减刑或失去家人探视权等惩罚。（注22）“监狱政策倡议”组织2022年3月14日发布的报告指出，美国囚犯被强迫从事餐饮、洗衣和其他劳务，几乎没有任何权利，也没有劳动保护。（注23）美国公民自由联盟2022年6月15日发表的研究指出，美国监狱对囚犯劳动不支付或支付极低费用，已成为名副其实的现代奴役工厂。（注24）
Prisons became places of modern slavery. According to a report jointly released by the University of Chicago Law School and the American Civil Liberties Union on June 16, 2022, the United States incarcerates more than 1.2 million people in state and federal prisons, about 800,000 were engaged in forced labor, accounting for 65 percent of the total number of prisoners. Over 76 percent of the prisoners surveyed said they would be punished with solitary confinement, no mitigation and loss of family visitation rights if they refused to work. Incarcerated workers were forced to provide food service, laundry, and other operations but they have few rights and protections, said a report by the Prison Policy Initiative on March 14, 2022. Besides, incarcerated workers typically earn little to no pay at all, according to a research by American Civil Liberties Union on June 15, 2022. American prisons have become veritable modern-day slavery factories.
宗教不容忍加剧。美国联邦调查局2022年12月15日发布的仇恨犯罪统计显示，2021年美国共报告了1005件宗教仇恨犯罪事件，其中31.9%是反犹太事件，21.3%是反锡克教事件，9.5%是反伊斯兰事件，6.1%是反天主教事件，6.5%是反东正教事件。（注25）美国伊斯兰关系理事会2022年发表的报告显示，美国对伊斯兰教的不容忍现象加剧，穆斯林受到严重歧视。2021年，美国伊斯兰关系理事会接到6720件投诉，其中仇恨和偏见事件308件，比2020年增加28%；执法和政府越权事件679件，比2020年增加35%；工作场所和公共场所歧视事件1298件，比2020年增加13%。（注26）“中东之眼”新闻网2022年8月23日报道，研究显示，与其他宗教信仰相比，穆斯林因宗教信仰而遭受警察骚扰的可能性要高出5倍。（注27）
Religious intolerance intensifies. According to the Hate Crime Statistics for 2021 released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on Dec. 15, 2022, a total of 1,005 religious hate crimes were reported in the United States in 2021, of which 31.9 percent were anti-Semitic incidents, 21.3 percent were anti-Sikh incidents, and 9.5 percent were anti-Islamic incidents, 6.1 percent were anti-Catholic incidents and 6.5 percent were anti-Orthodox incidents. Intolerance of Islam in the United States has intensified, and Muslims are severely discriminated against, said a report released by the Council on American-Islamic Relations in 2022. In 2021, the Council on American-Islamic Relations received 6,720 complaints, including 308 hate and bias incidents related complaints, an increase of 28 percent over 2020; 679 law enforcement and government overreach complaints, an increase of 35 percent over 2020; 1,298 incidents of discrimination in workplaces and public places, an increase of 13 percent over 2020. The Middle East Eye reported on Aug. 23, 2022, that a study showed that Muslims are five times more likely to experience police harassment because of their religion compared to those of other faiths.
二、美式选举民主日益空心化
II. Hollowed-out American-style Electoral Democracy
政治献金使美式选举成为富人游戏，两党政治异化为极化政治，美式民主正在失去民意基础。美国前总统卡特曾指出：“金钱政治对美国政治体系构成不可逆转的损害，这不是民主政治而是属于少数人的寡头政治。”（注28）
Political donations have made American elections a game for the rich, alienation of two-party politics has turned into polarized politics, and American democracy is losing its foundation in public support. Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter once said political bribery has tainted the U.S. political system. "It's just an oligarchy with unlimited political bribery being at the essence of getting the nominations for President, or to elect the President," Carter said.
金钱选举再创历史纪录。美式选举是美式民主的核心，靠金钱提供能量。随着2010年和2014年两次捐款限制的松绑，选举费用一再飙升。美国政治捐献数据库“公开秘密”的研究显示，2022年美国中期选举的竞选花费总计近170亿美元，成为史上最昂贵的选举。其中，联邦候选人和政治行动委员会在竞选中花费高达89亿美元，州候选人、政党委员会和投票举措委员会在竞选中花费高达78亿美元，均创下历史纪录。（注29）美国有线电视新闻网2022年12月8日报道，2022年花费最多的5个州的参议员选举总计耗费了近13亿美元。其中，宾夕法尼亚州的参议员选举投入近3.75亿美元。（注30）
Money in elections has set a new record. American elections are at the heart of its democracy, powered by money. Election costs have soared since donation limits were lifted in 2010 and again in 2014. According to an analysis published by OpenSecrets, the total cost of the 2022 state and federal midterm elections was nearly 17 billion dollars, the most expensive election in history. Federal candidates and political committees spent 8.9 billion dollars, while state candidates, party committees, and ballot measure committees spent 7.8 billion dollars, both of which set all-time records. CNN reported on Dec. 8, 2022, that the five most expensive Senate races of 2022 have seen nearly 1.3 billion dollars in spending across the primary and general elections. Leading the way is the Pennsylvania Senate race, where nearly 375 million dollars have been spent on the race this cycle.
政治献金缔造寡头政治。美国政治被资本绑架，存在稳定的“金钱－回报”关系，“民有、民治、民享”变成了“1%的人所有、1%的人治理、1%的人享用”，正如“占领华尔街运动”的标语所示：“我们是99%的民众，但被1%的人所控制”。（注31）耶鲁大学政治学教授海伦·兰德摩尔2021年12月在《外交政策》发表文章指出，美国的民主“缺少了真正来自人民的力量”。（注32）“占人口极小部分的极富阶层可以利用极高的经济地位来推动一套政策优先服务于他们。”（注33）《财富》杂志网站2022年12月9日发表题为《亿万富翁有额外的万亿美元来影响中期选举》的文章指出，截至10月底，美国亿万富翁在选举中的花费高达8.8亿美元，最终总额可能接近10亿美元，亿万富翁正以前所未有的方式提供选举资金。美国税收公平组织执行董事弗兰克·克莱门特表示，亿万富翁的财富一直在“淹没我们的民主”。（注34）路透社2022年11月9日报道，自2021年1月1日至2022年9月30日，美国亿万富翁的政治献金占所有联邦政治项目献金的15%，远高于2020年选举周期的11%。美国富豪乔治·索罗斯是出资最高的个人捐赠者，其政治献金超过1.28亿美元。（注35）富豪以金钱开路，操控选举结果，美式选举越来越背离民主的本质。
Political donations create an oligarchy. U.S. politics has been kidnapped by capital and there is a stable "money-return" relationship. "Of the people, by the people, for the people" has become "of the 1 percent, by the 1 percent, and for the 1 percent," as the slogan of the Occupy Wall Street movement says: "We are the 99 percent, but controlled by the 1 percent." Helene Landemore, a political theorist at Yale University, wrote in an article published by the Foreign Policy magazine in December 2021 that American democracy lacks "people's power," and that only the very rich, a very small part of the population, can use their very high economic status to push for a set of policy priorities that serve themselves.
"American billionaires spent a whopping 880 million dollars on the elections by the end of October, with the final total likely approaching an astronomical 1 billion dollars. That's a game-changing amount of money that undoubtedly influenced the electoral outcomes we are now seeing," Fortune magazine wrote on Dec. 9, 2022, in a report, titled "Billionaires had an extra 1 trillion dollars to influence the midterm elections. Save American democracy by taxing extreme wealth."
Billionaire wealth has been, as Americans for Tax Fairness Executive Director Frank Clemente put it, "drowning our democracy," the magazine reported. Billionaires made up 15 percent of all federal political itemized donations from Jan. 1, 2021, to Sept. 30, 2022, up from 11 percent in the 2020 election cycle, Reuters reported on Nov. 9, 2022, adding that Financier George Soros was the top individual donor, spending more than 128 million dollars to support Democratic campaigns. With plutocrats using their money to control the outcome of elections, U.S. elections are increasingly out of line with the nature of democracy.
“黑金”捐赠暗中操控选举走向。“黑金”一直在无形地左右美国选举。布伦南司法中心2022年11月16日发表文章指出，四个与党派结盟的“黑金”团体通过向姐妹超级政治行动委员会捐款或购买广告等方式，在2022年中期选举周期注入了近3亿美元的“黑金”，还有另外数百个政治上活跃的团体向选举注入了秘密资金。（注36）英国《卫报》网站2022年8月29日发表题为《数十亿美元“黑金”正在影响美国政治》的文章披露，一位亿万富翁秘密转移16亿美元给一个支持共和党的政治团体，这是美国历史上被曝光的最大一笔“黑金”。2020年，有价值超过10亿美元的“黑金”绕过薄弱的信息披露规则涌入美国大选。这种情况在2022年的中期选举中更加严重，支持两党参选国会议员的主要超级政治行动委员会都是由不需要披露捐助者的匿名“黑金”团体资助的。（注37）“黑金”暗中俘获美国政党和政府，广大选民沦为政治游戏的工具。
Dark money donations secretly manipulate the direction of elections. Dark money has been invisibly influencing U.S. elections. The Brennan Center for Justice reported on Nov. 16, 2022, that four party-aligned dark money groups pumped almost 300 million dollars into this election cycle by giving to sister super political action committees (PACs) or buying cleverly worded ads. There are hundreds more politically active groups pouring secret money into the elections.
A billionaire secretly transferred 1.6 billion dollars to a Republican political group, the largest known political advocacy donation in American history, according to a report titled "Billions in 'dark money' is influencing US politics" by the Guardian on Aug. 29, 2022. In 2020 alone, more than 1-billion-dollar worth of dark money flooded around weak disclosure rules and into America's elections. Heading into the 2022 election, the situation is getting worse. The two parties' major Senate and House Super PACs are all being funded by anonymous dark money groups that are not required to disclose their donors. Dark money has secretly captured the U.S. political parties and government, and the majority of voters have become tools of political games.
多重手法并用操弄选举结果。“许多美国人完全摒弃了平等的观念，而常常正是由这些摒弃平等观念的人制定他人不得不遵守的规则。”（注38）限制选民投票资格的法律频繁出台。布伦南司法中心2022年5月26日发表的研究指出，2021年美国有18个州通过了34项限制投票的法律。在2022年的立法季，有39个州的立法机关审议了至少393项限制性法案，通过设置一系列投票障碍，极大地制约了有色人种选民行使投票权。亚利桑那州颁布了规制选民登记中提供身份证明文件的法律，多达20万名选民可能面临被取消登记的风险。（注39）“全球反对仇恨和极端主义组织”2022年8月4日发表题为《美国人的恐惧感抑制民主参与》的报告指出，40%的非洲裔和37%的拉美裔美国人担心被剥夺投票权利。（注40）英国《卫报》网站2022年1月8日发表题为《1890年的种族主义法律仍在阻止成千上万的美国黑人投票》的文章指出，严苛的投票资格法律阻止了密西西比州近16%适龄投票的非洲裔美国人进行投票。该州作为非洲裔最集中的地区之一，一个多世纪以来从未选举出一名非洲裔担任公职。（注41）“美国城市联盟”2022年4月12日发布《2022年非洲裔美国人状况报告：摧毁民主的阴谋笼罩之下》指出，过去一年，有20个州利用人口普查数据重新划分选区，剥夺了非洲裔等大量少数族裔选民的投票权。（注42）这些操纵选举的手段变相剥夺了大量选民的投票资格，平等的选举权名存实亡。
Multiple tactics and manipulation of election results. Many Americans have completely abandoned the idea of equality, and it is often these people who reject the idea of equality who set the rules that others have to follow, said J. R. Pole in his book titled "The Pursuit of Equality in American History." Laws restricting voters' eligibility to vote are frequently introduced. According to the study published by the Brennan Center for Justice on May 26, 2022, 18 states passed 34 restrictive laws in 2021. For the 2022 legislative session, lawmakers in 39 states have considered at least 393 restrictive bills, which have disproportionately affected voters of color by setting up a series of voting obstacles. As many as 200,000 voters could be at risk of having their registrations canceled after Arizona enacted a law regulating the provision of documentary proof of citizenship for voter registration. On Aug. 4, 2022, the Global Organization Against Hate and Extremism published a report titled "Americans' Fears Suppressing Participation in Democracy," which said that 40 percent of Black people and 37 percent of Hispanic people very worried being denied the ability to cast a ballot. Strict voting eligibility laws blocked nearly 16 percent of Mississippi's Black voting-age population from casting a ballot. Mississippi has one of the highest concentrations of Black people in the country, yet has not elected a Black person to statewide office in well over a century, reported The Guardian on its website in an article entitled "The racist 1890 law that's still blocking thousands of Black Americans from voting" on Jan. 8, 2022. The National Urban League's release of the "2022 State of Black America: Under Siege the Plot to Destroy Democracy" on April 12, 2022, showed that in 2021 alone, 20 states have leveraged census data to redraw congressional maps. These means of manipulating elections have deprived a large number of voters of their voting eligibility, leaving equal voting rights to exist on paper only.
美式选举伴随暴力与恐吓。美国政治史上一直不乏暴力与恐怖。历史上，臭名昭著的“三K党”等团体曾以殴打、私刑、暗杀等暴力形式阻止非洲裔投票，造成的恐惧心理阴影延续至今。布伦南司法中心2022年10月28日发表的研究指出，美国选民在投票时会受到来自民间团体的恐吓。在亚利桑那州，右翼极端主义团体招募志愿者监视投票箱，这些志愿者经常全副武装出现在投票现场。（注43）“全球反对仇恨和极端主义组织”2022年8月4日发布的报告指出，美国民众的恐惧感日益增加，少数族裔尤其关注投票安全，选民普遍对投票站的安全性感到担忧，63%的受访者表示，他们“非常担心”会在投票站遭遇暴力、骚扰或恐吓。（注44）私刑心理阴影与恐惧氛围成为选民行使选举权的极大障碍。
American elections are accompanied by violence and intimidation. Its political history has not been short of violence and terror. Historically, groups such as the notorious Ku Klux Klan prevented African Americans from voting through violence such as beatings, lynchings, and assassinations, creating a sense of fear that continues to this day.
Voters may face intimidation at the polls and beyond from vigilante actors, the Brennan Center for Justice said in a report released on Oct. 28, 2022, adding that in Arizona, right-wing extremist groups have recruited volunteers to monitor drop boxes, some of whom often showed up armed and in tactical gear.
The Global Project Against Hate and Extremism said in a report on Aug. 4, 2022, that there is a growing sense of fear among Americans, with minorities particularly concerned about security at the polls and voters generally worried about safety at polling stations. Overall, 63 percent of those surveyed said they are "very worried" about such things as violence, harassment, and intimidation happening at their polling place. The psychological shadow of lynching and the atmosphere of fear became a great obstacle for voters to exercise their right to vote.
两党政治异化为极化政治。政治极化特别是两党政治的极化构成近三十年来美国政治的一个最显著的特点。民主党、共和党之间意识形态分歧与对立持续扩大，加剧美国社会撕裂，导致美国政治空转。美国广播公司新闻网“538”民意调查2022年6月14日发布的调查结果显示，28%的美国人将“政治极端主义或两极分化”列为国家面临的最重要问题之一。64%的人认为政治两极化主要是由政治和社会精英推动的。（注45）美国全国广播公司新闻网2022年10月23日发布的调查结果显示，81%的民主党人认为，共和党的议题对国家构成威胁，如不加以制止将会摧毁美国；79%的共和党人也同样认为民主党的议题将摧毁美国。71%的选民认为美国正朝着错误的方向发展。民调专家霍威特评价道，“选民们似乎不再寻求整个国家达成共识，他们只想要分裂”。（注46）政治极化和社会撕裂导致民主共识难以达成，大选闹剧和选后乱局成为美国政治的显著特征。范德堡大学政治学教授马克·J.赫瑟林顿和伊利诺伊大学政治学教授托马斯·J.鲁道夫合著的《为何华盛顿不再发挥作用：两极分化、政治信任与治理危机》一书分析了美国政治机能失调的根源，指出“政治上的信任因党派而两极分化从而导致缺乏政策共识和政治体系陷入僵化，也没有任何妥协的动力”。（注47）
Two-party politics has become a polarized one. Political polarization, especially the polarization of two-party politics, has been one of the most striking features of American politics in the past three decades. The widening ideological divide and opposition between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party have expanded the tear in American society and led to the idling of American politics.
Around 28 percent of Americans named "political extremism or polarization" as one of the most important issues facing the country, according to a survey by the U.S. poll tracker FiveThirtyEight on June 14, 2022, adding that 64 percent said they felt political polarization is mostly driven by political and social elites.
According to a report by NBC NEWS on Oct. 23, 2022, 81 percent of Democrats said they believe the Republican Party's agenda poses a threat that, if it isn't stopped, will destroy America, while 79 percent of Republicans believe the same of the Democratic Party's agenda. Seventy-one percent of voters said the country is headed in the wrong direction. "It seems like voters are no longer looking for a 'Contract with America.' They want a divorce," said Democratic pollster Jeff Horwitt of Hart Research Associates.
Political polarization and social rifts have made it difficult to reach a democratic consensus, and election farce and post-election chaos have become prominent features of U.S. politics. The polarization of party contention and vicious rivalry has led to the collapse of political trust and brought serious governance crisis to the United States, wrote Marc J. Hetherington, professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt University, and Thomas J. Rudolph, professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois, in their book, titled "Why Washington Won't Work: Polarization, Political Trust, and the Governing Crisis."
政府官员利用职务便利谋取私利。高层政治人物可以提前接触到许多敏感信息，并借以捞取金钱利益。《国会山报》网站2022年7月24日发表评论文章称，佩洛西夫妇的净资产超过1.14亿美元，且主要来自股票、期权等投资。2021年3月，保罗·佩洛西购买了价值超过500万美元的25000股微软股票期权。不到两周后，美国军方公布了与微软公司价值219亿美元的交易，该公司股票大幅上涨。2022年6月，国会预计对提升芯片生产行业的法案进行表决，该法案将分配520亿美元的补贴。保罗·佩洛西于是提前购买了英伟达公司高达500万美元的股票期权。南希·佩洛西担任众议院议长期间，佩洛西夫妇从其负责监管的大型科技公司的交易中获利约3000万美元。（注48）英国《每日邮报》网站2022年9月13日发表评论文章指出，在435名美国联邦众议员中，有183人在2019年至2021年期间通过自己或其直系亲属交易股票。至少有97人通过自己或配偶交易与他们在国会工作中直接相关的公司的股票、债券或其他金融资产。（注49）《华尔街日报》网站2022年10月11日发表的调查报道显示，包括商务部、财政部在内的多个美国政府机构的2600多名官员承认在进行股票投资时，恰处于相关公司游说他们所在部门以获得优惠政策时期。（注50）美联社2022年8月18日报道，宾夕法尼亚州前法官马克·恰瓦雷拉和迈克尔·科纳汉在接受了两座私营营利性青少年监狱的280万美元贿赂之后，关闭了县政府运营的公立青少年惩教所，将儿童送往营利性监狱。这一精心策划的计划被称为“儿童换金钱”。（注51）高层政治人物一边向选民开空头支票，同时却在利用职位便利捞取金钱利益。
Government officials take advantage of their positions for personal gain. High-level politicians can in advance get access to a lot of sensitive information that could allow them to make profits. The reported net assets of former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, along with her husband Paul Pelosi, are worth more than 114 million U.S. dollars, and a majority of their wealth is derived from investments such as stocks and options, The Hill said in an opinion piece on July 24, 2022. In March 2021, Paul exercised options to purchase 25,000 Microsoft shares worth more than 5 million dollars. Less than two weeks later, the U.S. Army disclosed a 21.9-billion dollar deal with Microsoft. Shares of the company rose sharply after the deal was announced. In June 2022, Paul bought up to 5 million dollars in stock options from Nvidia, a leading semiconductor company. The purchase came as Congress was set to vote on legislation that would result in 52 billion dollars in subsidies allocated to elevate the chip-production industry. During Nancy Pelosi's term as the house speaker, the Pelosis have made approximately 30 million dollars from trades involving big tech companies the former House speaker is responsible for regulating. Of the 435 House members, 183 traded stocks through themselves or their immediate family members from 2019 to 2021, Daily Mail said in an opinion piece on Sept. 13, 2022. It added that at least 97 bought or sold stocks, bonds, or other financial assets through themselves or their spouses that directly intersected with their congressional work. A Wall Street Journal investigation on Oct. 11, 2022, found that more than 2,600 officials at agencies from the Commerce Department to the Treasury Department disclosed stock investments in companies while those same companies were lobbying their agencies for favorable policies. In what came to be known as the kids-for-cash scandal, former Pennsylvania judges Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan shut down a county-run juvenile detention center and accepted 2.8 million dollars in illegal payments from two for-profit lockups, The Associated Press (AP) reported on Aug. 18, 2022. Ciavarella pushed a zero-tolerance policy that guaranteed large numbers of kids would be sent to the facilities, the report added. Many top U.S. politicians were making empty promises to voters while profiting financially from their positions.
民众对美国民主的信心持续走低。美国学者托马斯·戴伊、哈蒙·齐格勒和路易斯·舒伯特合著的《民主的反讽：美国精英政治是如何运作的》一书指出：“现在美国民众基本上不再相信政府是为大众利益服务的，大部分人都认为美国政治制度由少数大型利益集团操控，且往往是为了他们自己的利益而把大众抛在脑后。”（注52）“美国昆尼皮亚克大学民意调查”2022年8月31日发表调查报告指出，67%的美国人认为美国民主面临“崩溃风险”。（注53）美联社2022年10月19日报道，几十年来，美国全国范围内的两极分化日益加剧，人们对民主普遍感到绝望。只有9%的美国成年人认为民主正在“极好”或“非常好”地运作，而52%的人认为它运作不佳。（注54）美通社2022年11月4日报道，中期选举前的一项无党派民意调查显示，86%的选民表示美国民主面临“非常严重的威胁”。72%的选民认为美国民主不健康，64%的选民认为太多金钱介入政治，61%的选民认为美国政治腐败，58%的选民认为美国民主政治存在太多带有偏见或错误的信息。（注55）美国全国广播公司新闻网2022年11月9日发布的调查结果显示，72%的民主党选民、68%的共和党选民和70%的中间选民都认为民主受到了威胁。（注56）民众对美国民主的信心持续走低，折射出美式民主正在失去民意基础。
Public confidence in American democracy continues to decline. American scholars Thomas R. Dye, Harmon Zeigler and Louis Schubert pointed out in their book The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction to American Politics that few Americans today still believe that government is run for the benefit of the people. Most see the political system as run by a few big interests for their own benefit, leaving the average person forgotten behind, the book added. Sixty-seven percent of Americans think the nation's democracy is in danger of collapse, said a poll by The Quinnipiac University Poll on Aug. 31, 2022. AP said in a report on Oct. 19, 2022, that there is a general despair over democracy in America which comes after decades of increasing polarization nationwide. Just 9 percent of U.S. adults think democracy is working "extremely" or "very well," while 52 percent say it's not working well, it added. PR Newswire reported on Nov. 4, 2022, that a nonpartisan More Perfect poll before the midterm election showed that 86 percent of voters said the U.S. democracy faces very serious threats. Seventy-two percent of American voters rated the health of American democracy as poor; 64 percent said there is too much money in politics; 61 percent believed U.S. politics is corrupt; and 58 percent thought there is too much-biased information and misinformation in American democracy. According to a survey by NBC News on Nov. 9, 2022, 72 percent of Democratic voters, 68 percent of Republican voters and 70 percent of independents agreed that democracy was threatened. Public confidence in American democracy continues to decline, reflecting that American democracy is losing popular support.
三、种族歧视与不平等愈演愈烈
III. Growing Racial Discrimination and Inequality
联合国消除种族歧视委员会2022年9月21日发布的关于审议美国履行《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》情况的结论性报告指出，美国历史上殖民主义和奴隶制留下的阴影至今仍挥之不去，助长着美国社会流行的种族主义。近几年来，美国仇恨犯罪和仇恨言论事件显著增加，与种族有关的枪支死伤人数大幅增加，有色人种和少数族裔在医疗、教育、住房等领域持续面临系统性歧视。
The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination said in the Concluding observations on the combined tenth to twelfth reports of the United States of America released on Sept. 21, 2022, that the lingering legacies of colonialism and slavery continue to fuel racism and racial discrimination around the country.
In recent years, hate crimes and hate speech incidents in the United States have increased significantly, the number of race-related gun injuries and deaths has jumped substantially, and people of color and ethnic minorities continue to face systematic discrimination in medical care, education, housing and other fields, the agency said.
种族歧视广泛存在。“信奉种族劣根性和种族优越感早已深深地刻在美国的制度中，难解难分。”（注58）美国有线电视新闻网2022年8月30日报道，对3000多名非洲裔美国人访谈的结果显示，82%的受访者认为种族主义是非洲裔面临的主要问题，79%的受访者表示曾因种族或族裔身份遭到过歧视，68%的受访者表示种族歧视是许多非洲裔无法取得成功的主要原因。（注59）益普索集团2022年3月29日发布的调查结果显示，65%的拉美裔受访者表示在过去一年中遭遇过种族主义言论。（注60）美国亚太裔女性论坛2022年3月30日发布的报告指出，74%的亚裔美国女性表示在过去12个月中遭受过种族歧视，其中53%的人表示施暴者是陌生人，47%的事件发生在餐馆和购物中心等公共场所。（注61）
Racial discrimination is widespread. Racial inferiority and superiority complexes are deeply embedded in U.S. systems and have become "inextricable." Interviews with more than 3,000 African Americans showed that 82 percent of them considered racism a major problem for African descendants in the United States, while 79 percent reported having experienced discrimination because of their race or ethnicity, and 68 percent said racial discrimination is the main reason why many Black people can't get ahead, CNN reported on Aug. 30, 2022. According to a survey published by the Ipsos group on March 29, 2022, 65 percent of the Latino Americans surveyed reported having experienced racist comments in the past year. According to a report released by the U.S. National Asian Pacific American Women's Forum on March 30, 2022, 74 percent of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander women reported experiencing racism and/or discrimination over the past 12 months, with 53 percent reporting the perpetrator was a stranger and 47 percent reporting the incidents took place in public places such as restaurants and shopping centers.
种族仇恨犯罪持续高发。加州州立大学圣贝纳迪诺分校仇恨与极端主义研究中心的研究显示，美国15个主要城市的仇恨犯罪在2020年至2021年呈两位数增长，2022年基于种族偏见的仇恨犯罪事件又增加了约5%。（注62）《芝加哥太阳时报》2022年10月21日发表题为《仇恨犯罪报告激增》的文章指出，截至10月18日，芝加哥警察局已收到120起仇恨犯罪报告。（注63）2022年5月14日，19岁的白人枪手佩顿·根德隆在纽约州布法罗市一家超市内进行种族主义屠杀，10名非洲裔美国人被杀害，另有3人受伤。凶手还将其行凶过程录下来进行网络直播。（注64）美国反诽谤联盟2023年2月发布的报告显示，过去十年间，美国大规模杀戮事件激增。2022年确定的所有极端主义杀戮都与右翼极端主义有关，其中大量与白人至上主义相关。“毫不夸张地说，我们生活在一个极端主义大规模杀戮的时代。”（注65）
Racial hate crimes remain high. Fifteen major U.S. cities saw a double-digit growth in hate crimes between 2020 and 2021, and an increase of about 5 percent in bias-motivated incidents till August 2022, according to a study by the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino. In an article titled "Hate crime reports surge" published on Oct. 21, 2022, the Chicago Sun-Times reported that as of Oct. 18 that year, the Chicago Police Department had received reports of 120 hate crimes. On May 14, 2022, Payton Gendron, a 19-year-old White gunman, killed 10 African Americans and wounded three others in a racist massacre at a supermarket in Buffalo, New York. The killer also videotaped the attack for live streaming. According to a report published in February 2023 by the Anti-Defamation League based in the United States, the number of U.S. mass killings spiked over the past decade, and all extremist killings identified in 2022 were linked to right-wing extremism, with an especially high number linked to white supremacy. "It is not an exaggeration to say that we live in an age of extremist mass killings."
针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪尤为猖獗。“停止仇恨亚裔及太平洋岛民”组织2022年7月20日发布的报告显示，2020年3月19日至2022年3月31日，该组织共收到近11500起仇恨事件报告。（注66）《洛杉矶时报》2022年3月22日报道，亚太裔数据研究组织的在线民意调查发现，2021年全国每6个亚裔美国人中就有1人经历过基于种族的暴力。（注67）《纽约时报》2022年3月14日报道，一名28岁男子在曼哈顿对7名亚裔女性进行长达两小时的疯狂袭击。在过去几个月，纽约市有4名亚裔在遭到袭击后死亡。（注68）美国有线电视新闻网2022年11月30日报道，一名男子在纽约扬克斯对一名亚裔老年妇女拳打100多次，对其进行种族主义辱骂，反复踩踏她的身体并向她吐口水。（注69）休斯顿公共广播电台2022年8月22日报道了旧金山市多起亚裔人士遇袭事件，受害者艾米·李说，她几乎每天都在附近看到肇事者，“我已经报告了警方，但没有听到任何回应，我和儿子每天都生活在恐惧中。”（注70）医学杂志《健康事务》2022年4月12日发表报告指出，57%的亚裔美国人表示由于种族或族裔原因经常或有时在公共场合感到不安全，81%的亚裔美国人认为针对亚裔社区的暴力行为正在增加，73%的亚裔美国人表示与新冠疫情大流行之前相比，现在面临的暴力威胁更大。（注71）明尼苏达大学历史系教授李漪莲在关于针对亚裔种族仇恨犯罪的美国国会听证会上发言指出：“当今亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民面临的种族歧视和暴力行为，并非是由精神错乱的个人随意犯下的罪行，而是一个系统性的国家悲剧。它反映了美国针对亚裔的系统性种族主义的悠久历史。”（注72）
Rampant hate crimes against Asian Americans. A report issued by the non-profit organization Stop AAPI Hate shows that it received reports of nearly 11,500 hate incidents between March 19, 2020, and March 31, 2022. An online poll by the research firm AAPI Data found that one in six Asian Americans nationwide experienced race-based violence in 2021, the Los Angeles Times reported on March 22, 2022. The New York Times reported on March 14, 2022 that a 28-year-old man was charged with hate crimes in connection with a two-hour spree of attacks on seven women of Asian descent in Manhattan, and four Asian New Yorkers had died in recent months after being attacked. CNN reported on Nov. 30, 2022 that in Yonkers, a man punched an elderly Asian woman more than 100 times, hurled racist abuse at her, stomped on her body repeatedly and spat on her. The Houston Public Media reported on Aug. 22, 2022 multiple attacks on people of Asian descent in San Francisco. One of the victims, Amy Li, said that she still sees the offender in her neighborhood almost every day. "I've reported this case to the police and haven't heard anything ... Every day my son and I live in fear."
Fifty-seven percent of Asian Americans said they often or sometimes felt unsafe in public places because of their race or ethnicity, 81 percent of the group agreed that violence against the Asian American community was on the rise, and 73 percent said violence posed more of a threat now than it did before the pandemic, according to a report published on the medical magazine Health Affairs on April 12, 2022. According to the testimony of Erika Lee, regents professor of History and Asian American Studies at the University of Minnesota on Discrimination and Violence Against Asian Americans before a U.S. congressional hearing, "As shocking as these incidents are, it is vital to understand that they are not random acts perpetrated by deranged individuals. They are an expression of our country's long history of systemic racism and racial violence targeting Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders."
执法司法领域种族歧视根深蒂固。联合国消除种族歧视委员会的结论性报告指出，美国执法人员对有色人种和少数族裔群体过度使用暴力并逍遥法外的情况仍然普遍存在；有色人种和少数族裔在美国司法系统中被逮捕、监禁和长期虐待的情况突出。（注73）“警察暴力地图”网站的数据显示，在2013年至2022年的警察杀人事件中，非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性是白人的2.78倍，手无寸铁的非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性是手无寸铁的白人的1.3倍。在波士顿、明尼阿波利斯和芝加哥，非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性更是白人的20多倍。（注74）美国国家公共电台2022年9月27日报道，国家免责登记处发布的报告指出，非洲裔在美国人口中所占比例不到14%，但在美国被误判犯有严重罪行并在至少服完部分刑期后获释的所有人中，非洲裔占了53%；美国非洲裔因三项重大罪行被错误定罪的可能性是白人的7倍，非洲裔因毒品犯罪被错误定罪的可能性是其他人的19倍。（注75）美国国家学院出版的《美国监禁的增长：探索原因和后果》一书指出，渗透着种族主义的刑事司法系统“正日益成为一个更大的污名化和长期边缘化系统的主要通道”。（注76）
Entrenched racial discrimination in law enforcement and justice. A concluding report of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination revealed that it still widely persists in the United States that law enforcement officials use excessive violence against people of color and minority groups and get impunity. Statistics from the Mapping Police Violence website show that in police killings between 2013 and 2022, Black Americans were 2.78 times more likely to be killed by police than white people, and unarmed Black Americans were 1.3 times more likely to be killed by police than whites. In Boston, Minneapolis and Chicago, Blacks are over 20 times more likely than whites to be killed by police. Citing a report from the National Registry of Exonerations, National Public Radio (NPR) reported on Sept. 27, 2022 that Black people represent under 14 percent of the U.S. population, but they account for 53 percent of those who were falsely convicted of a serious crime and then freed after serving at least part of their sentence. Black Americans are about seven times more likely than white people to be wrongfully convicted of three major crimes, and Black people were 19 times more likely to be wrongfully convicted of drug crimes, it added. The criminal justice system permeated with racism "is increasingly serving as a major gateway to a much larger system of stigmatization and long-term marginalization," noted the book published by the National Academies Press, The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences.
种族贫富分化进一步扩大。“有色人种一直以来在就业上受限于种族障碍，不得不做着名副其实的‘洗脏衣服’的工作。”（注77）美国有线电视新闻网2022年8月30日报道，尽管美国的种族不平等问题受到广泛关注，但三分之二的非洲裔美国人认为，他们的生活并未因此得到改善。（注78）美国普林斯顿大学和德国波恩大学学者2022年5月24日共同发表的一项长时段研究指出，美国非洲裔和白人之间最大的经济不平等体现在种族财富差距上，白人和非洲裔的人均财富比长期稳定在6:1。废除奴隶制后，非洲裔和白人财富差距缩小的趋势到20世纪50年代就已停滞。由于资本收益主要由白人家庭所占有，自20世纪80年代起种族财富差距又呈现出扩大化趋势。（注79）Statista全球统计数据库2022年9月30日发布的报告显示，2021年，美国有19.5%的非洲裔生活在贫困线以下，而白人的贫困率仅为8.2%。（注80）美国全国公共广播电台、罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会和哈佛大学公共卫生院2022年8月8日联合发布的一项全国性民调显示，超过一半的非洲裔和拉美裔家庭以及超过三分之二的原住民家庭表示，近年的通货膨胀给他们造成了“严重的经济问题”。（注81）杜克大学教授威廉·达里蒂指出：“通货膨胀对非洲裔群体的冲击是极具毁灭性的。人们将不得不做出非常非常艰难的决定——是买药呢？买食物呢？还是缴水电费呢？”（注82）
Widening racial wealth gap. Workers of color have long been forced to do literally "dirty laundry" due to the racist barriers they face in employment. CNN reported on Aug. 30, 2022 that two-thirds of Black Americans said that the recent increased focus on race and racial inequality in the United States had not led to changes that are improving the lives of Black people. A recent long-term study, co-released by researchers from Princeton University and University of Bonn, found that the racial wealth gap is the largest of the economic disparities between Black and white Americans, with a white-to-Black per capita wealth ratio of 6 to 1. The racial wealth convergence between Blacks and whites after the abolition of slavery followed an even slower path and then had stalled by the 1950s. Since the 1980s, the wealth gap has widened again as capital gains have predominantly benefited white households. In 2021, 19.5 percent of Black people living in the United States were living below the poverty line, compared to 8.2 percent of white people, Statista Research Department said in a report on Sept. 30, 2022. More than half of Black and Latino households and over two-thirds of Native American ones reported the recent price increases driven by inflation had caused them serious financial problems, according to a national poll jointly released by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health on Aug. 8, 2022. The impact of inflation on Black Americans is "extremely devastating," said professor William Darity Jr. at Duke University. "People will have to make very, very hard decisions about whether or not to purchase medicines or buy food or forgo payment of their utilities."
住房政策歧视少数族裔。联合国消除种族歧视委员会的结论性报告指出，美国在住房方面的种族隔离现象依然存在，有色人种和少数族裔群体在获得住房方面持续遭遇政策性和法律性歧视。（注83）英国广播公司2022年7月10日报道，美国白人和非洲裔房屋拥有率达到120年来的最大差距。齐洛房地产公司的数据分析表明，2021年约19.4%的非洲裔申请抵押贷款时遭到拒绝，而白人申请被拒的比例仅为10.8%。（注84）《国会山报》2022年8月28日报道，哈佛大学的研究显示，非洲裔房主无论收入如何，其住房的贷款利率往往高于白人房主。2022年第二季度，只有45.3%的非洲裔家庭和48.3%的拉美裔家庭拥有自己的住房，而白人家庭这一比例却高达74.6%。（注85）
Discrimination in housing policies. The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination said in its concluding observations that there is a high degree of residential racial segregation, persistent policy and legal discrimination in access to housing on the grounds of race, color and national or ethnic origin. The gap between white and Black homeownership rates in the United States is at its widest in 120 years, according to a BBC report on July 10, 2022. Some 19.4 percent of Black applicants were denied a mortgage in 2021, compared with 10.8 percent of white applicants, according to the property firm Zillow. For many Black homeowners, interest rates are already often higher than their white counterparts regardless of income, The Hill quoted a 2021 Harvard University study as saying on Aug. 28, 2022. Just 45.3 percent of Black households and 48.3 percent of Hispanic households owned their homes during the second quarter of 2022, compared to 74.6 percent of white households, it added.
医疗卫生服务存在严重种族不平等。联合国消除种族歧视委员会的结论性报告指出，美国有色人种和少数族裔孕产妇死亡率和发病率高得不成比例。（注86）美国全国卫生统计中心2022年2月23日发布的报告显示，美国不同族裔孕产妇死亡率差异日益扩大，2020年非拉美裔黑人孕产妇死亡率显著增加，是非拉美裔白人孕产妇死亡率的2.9倍。（注87）美国疾病控制和预防中心2022年10月28日发布的研究报告显示，非洲裔、拉美裔、原住民等群体在获得新冠治疗时面临持续性的种族不平等。新冠疫情对有色人种和少数族裔造成了不成比例的更大的负面影响。（注88）不平等的医疗卫生服务影响少数种族生命权。普林斯顿大学公共和国际事务网站2022年7月7日公布的一项研究显示，2019年至2021年间，加利福尼亚州拉美裔人均预期寿命下降了5.7岁，非洲裔下降了3.8岁，亚裔下降了3岁。相比而言，白人的人均预期寿命下降了1.9岁。（注89）
Severe racial inequality in health services. The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination said in its concluding observations that racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by higher rates of maternal mortality and morbidity. Ethnic and racial disparities in maternal mortality rate increased significantly. The rate rose markedly for non-Hispanic Black women in 2020, 2.9 times as non-Hispanic white women, according to a report published by National Center for Health Statistics on Feb. 23, 2022. Study showed racial and ethnic disparities persist in outpatient COVID-19 treatment among Black, Hispanic and Native American patients, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report published on Oct. 28, 2022. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disproportionate impact on racial and ethnic minority groups, it said. Inequitable health services affect minority patients' right to life. Hispanic populations in California lost 5.7 years of life expectancy between 2019 and 2021. Black populations lost 3.8 years, and Asian populations lost 3 years, while white populations lost 1.9 years, according to a study by Princeton School of Public and International Affairs published on July 7, 2022.
印第安原住民悲惨境遇未见改善。“美利坚得以形成的第一道根脉便是对原住民的殖民主义种族灭绝。这一根脉至今仍然是美国社会的根本支柱，并且渗透于美国文化当中。”（注90）美国内政部2022年5月11日发布了“联邦印第安人寄宿学校真相倡议”项目调查报告第一卷。报告承认，美国联邦政府历史上为同化原住民儿童采取了一系列措施，强制儿童与原生家庭分离、切断他们与原生族群的语言和文化联系。1819年至1969年，美国共有37个州建立了408所原住民寄宿学校。寄宿学校采用军事化管理并采取了许多文化灭绝手段，包括将原住民儿童名字改为英文名，强制剪掉原住民儿童的头发，禁止原住民的语言、宗教和文化习俗等。初步调查发现，19所寄宿学校造成了至少500多名印第安原住民、阿拉斯加原住民和夏威夷原住民儿童死亡。随着调查工作继续展开，这一数字可能更高，达到数千甚至数万。（注91）美国北夏延族研究人员玛莎·斯莫尔指出，“这就是种族灭绝”。曾就读于原住民寄宿学校的美国原住民部落老人唐纳德·恩孔尼埃讲述了他们所经历的苦难，包括被殴打、鞭打、性侵犯、强制剪发和起令人难堪的绰号。如果说自己的母语基奥瓦语，就会被殴打。唐纳德说：“每次我试图用基奥瓦语说话时，他们都会往我嘴里灌碱液。”“那是12年的地狱。”“我永远永远不会原谅这个学校对我所做的一切。”（注92）印第安原住民历史上遭受的苦难至今仍在延续。美国全国公共广播电台2022年8月8日报道称，严重通货膨胀给美国少数种族生活造成严重冲击，其中印第安原住民所受影响最为普遍，超过三分之二的印第安原住民因此出现严重经济问题。（注93）《今日美国报》2022年9月19日报道称，美国疾病控制和预防中心的研究报告显示，印第安和阿拉斯加原住民孕产妇死亡率是白人的2倍以上。研究指出，九成以上原住民孕产妇的死亡是可以预防的。加州大学旧金山分校妇产科主任安德烈亚·杰克逊博士表示：“在非洲裔美国人和印第安人身上，我们看到这种历史性的、不幸的差异仍在持续。”（注94）
American Indians have not seen their misery alleviated. "The first root of America was the colonial genocide of its indigenous peoples. This root remains a fundamental pillar of American society and permeates American culture." The U.S. Department of Interior released the first part of the Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative on May 11, 2022. It admits past efforts by the federal government to assimilate Native American children into white American society by separating them from their families and stripping them of their languages and cultures.
The review notes that from 1819 to 1969, there were 408 federal schools in 37 states. Children and teenagers at these schools were subject to systematic militarized and identity-alteration methodologies by the federal government, including getting English names, haircuts, and being banned from using their native languages and exercising their religions. The initial investigation found that 19 boarding schools accounted for the deaths of more than 500 American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian children. The number of recorded deaths is expected to increase to tens of thousands as the investigation gets underway.
It was a genocide, said Marsha Small, a northern Cheyenne researcher.
Donald Neconie, a Native American tribal elder who was once student at a government-backed Indian boarding school, testified about the hardships he endured, including beatings, whippings, sexual assaults, forced haircuts and painful nicknames. Neconie recalled being beaten if he spoke his native Kiowa language, "Every time I tried to talk Kiowa, they put lye in my mouth." "It was 12 years of hell," he said. "I will never, ever forgive this school for what they did to me."
Misery that American Indians endured historically persists through today. Minority households reported the price increases driven by inflation had caused them "serious financial problems." It's even higher among Native Americans, with that number rising to more than two-thirds of those surveyed, according to an NPR report on Aug. 8, 2022.
A U.S. CDC report analyzed maternal deaths for American Indian and Alaska Native people who are more than twice as likely as white mothers to die of pregnancy-related causes but often undercounted in health data due to misclassification, according to a report released by USA Today on Sept. 19, 2022. More than 90 percent of indigenous mothers' deaths were preventable, according to the analysis. "In both African American and Native Americans, we see this historic and unfortunate, constant disparity in outcomes," said Dr Andrea Jackson, division chief of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California, San Francisco.
四、底层民众基本生存危机加重
IV. Worsening Subsistence Crisis among U.S. Underclass
美国社会贫富差距继续拉大，低收入群体生活条件急剧恶化，无家可归者大幅增加，毒品药品滥用严重危及生命健康，人均预期寿命大幅下降。底层民众基本生存面临重大危机。
The nation sees widening wealth gap, worsening living conditions for low-income groups, increasing homeless people, life-threatening drug abuse, and dropping average life expectancy. U.S. underclass is facing a severe survival crisis.
贫富鸿沟进一步拉大。美国是拥有众多顶级富豪的贫困社会。（注95）印第安纳大学科科莫分校教授厄尔·怀松、普渡大学教授罗伯特·佩卢奇和威奇塔州立大学教授大卫·赖特合著的《新阶级社会：美国梦的终结？（第四版）》通过对美国社会的深入分析研究指出，美国社会中存在大范围的以阶级、性别和种族为基础的不平等形式。富裕而稳固的“特权阶级”（20%的人口）和越来越多贫困而不稳固的“新工人阶级”（80%的人口）构成了两极化的双钻石型的新阶级体系。（注96）Statista全球统计数据库2022年9月30日公布的数据显示，2021年，美国的基尼系数升至0.49，创历史新高；3790万人处于贫困状态，贫困率连续第二年攀升。（注97）美联储的统计数据显示，2021年第四季度末，美国1%人口的总财富达到创纪录的45.9万亿美元，他们的财富在新冠疫情大流行期间增加了12万亿美元以上，增幅超过三分之一。（注98）截至2022年年中，在美国家庭保有的约1.7万亿美元超额储蓄中，收入位居前50%的人口拥有约1.35万亿美元，而后一半的收入者仅有3500亿美元。（注99）
Wealth gap has further widened. The United States is a poor society with many super riches. Through an in-depth analysis of the U.S. society, the New Class Society: Goodbye American Dream?, demonstrates the wide range of inequalities based on class, gender and race in the United States. Co-authored by Earl Wysong, professor of sociology at Indiana University Kokomo, Robert Perrucci, professor of sociology at Purdue University, and David Wright, professor of sociology at Wichita State University, the fourth edition of this book shows that a new polarized double-diamond social structure has emerged, featuring a privileged class, consisting of the top 20 percent of the population who are wealthy, and a new working class, consisting of 80 percent of the population who live at the bottom of society and are getting increasingly poor and unstable. According to data published by Statista Research Department, Sept. 30, 2022, the Gini coefficient in the United States rose to a record high of 0.49 in 2021, as the poverty rate rose for the second year in a row with 37.9 million people living in poverty. The U.S. Federal Reserve statistics show that the total wealth of the richest 1 percent of the U.S. population reached a record 45.9 trillion U.S. dollars at the end of the fourth quarter of 2021 and their fortunes have increased by more than 12 trillion dollars, or more than a third, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the approximately 1.7 trillion dollars in excess savings held by American families as of mid-2022, about 1.35 trillion dollars was held by the top half of earners, while just 350 billion dollars by the bottom half.
通货膨胀继续冲击低收入家庭生活。《纽约时报》2022年11月25日报道，在美国居民储蓄减少的同时，汽车维修、食品和住房等必需品的价格却急剧上涨。截至2022年10月，美国物价比2021年同期上涨7.7%，这对低收入群体产生了最严重的负面影响。（注100）美国联邦储备委员会理事布雷纳德表示，低收入家庭要将超过70%的收入用于购买必需品，而高收入家庭的这一支出比例仅为31%。（注101）美国全国能源援助理事会2022年4月12日的调查发现，对于占美国社会40%的底层中低收入家庭而言，能源价格大幅上涨，会迫使许多人因超额支付能源账单而无力购买基本商品及服务。（注102）
Inflation continues to hurt low-income households. While U.S. residents' savings have run down, necessities like car repair, food and housing become sharply more expensive, The New York Times reported on Nov. 25, 2022. At the same time, prices climbed 7.7 percent in the year through October, having the most severe negative impact on low-income groups. Lael Brainard, a governor of the Federal Reserve, said that low-income households spend 77 percent of their income on necessities, compared to only 31 percent by higher-income households. An analysis released by National Energy Assistance Directors Association on April 12, 2022, showed that for low and moderate income families, which make up the bottom 40 percent of households in the U.S. society, sharp rises in energy prices would force many of them out of basic goods and services due to extra energy bills.
无家可归者大幅上升。根据美国住房和城市发展部的数据，2022年日均有58.25万美国人无家可归，其中40%只能居住在缺乏庇护的街道、废弃建筑或其他恶劣环境中。（注103）加利福尼亚州过去3年中没有稳定住所的人数至少增加了2.25万人，达到17.38万人，但该州为无家可归者提供的庇护居所却由2020年8月最多时的16000多个房间减少到约5000个床位。（注104）《洛杉矶时报》2022年12月21日报道，加利福尼亚州长滩市的无家可归者相比2020年大幅增长了62%，其中还包括1282名长期无家可归的残疾人。（注105）西雅图大学法学院教授、无家可归者权利倡导组织创始人莎拉·兰金在《加州法律评论》上发表的研究指出，美国的无家可归者往往是“残疾人、黑人、移民、难民、性少数等边缘群体”，他们所遭受的迫害、拘留、监禁或隔离使其无法融入社区。这暴露了美国存在的系统性歧视。（注106）
The homeless has dramatically increased. According to the 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report released by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, over 580,000 Americans experienced homeless on a single night in 2022, with 40 percent of them living in unsheltered locations such as on the street, in abandoned buildings, or in other places not suitable for human habitation. Over the past three years, the number of people of no fixed abode increased by at least 22,500 to 173,800 in California. However, the state only provides about 5,000 beds for the homeless, down from a maximum of more than 16,000 rooms in August 2020, according to the state Department of Social Services. The Los Angeles Times reported on December 21, 2022, that the number of the homeless in Long Beach, California, increased dramatically by 62 percent from that of 2020, including 1,282 chronically homeless people with disabilities.
According to a research published in the California Law Review by Sara K. Rankin, a professor at School of Law of Seattle University and the founder and director of the Homeless Rights Advocacy Project, homeless people in the United States are usually the "marginalized groups, such as refugees, people of color, and poor people" who are subjected to persecution, detention, incarceration, or segregation that prevents them from integrating into their communities. This exposes the systemic discrimination that exists in the United States.
人均预期寿命大幅下降。美国疾病控制和预防中心下属全国健康状况统计中心2022年8月发布的报告显示，2019年至2021年，美国人均预期寿命下降了2.7岁，至76.1岁，降至1996年来新低。其中非拉美裔美洲印第安人、阿拉斯加原住民群体的人均预期寿命降幅最大，达到了惊人的6.6岁。（注107）在和平时期，人均预期寿命大幅下降是罕见的。美国疾病控制和预防中心发布的数据显示，截至2022年12月29日，美国累计新冠死亡病例超过108万人，其中2022年新冠死亡病例超过26万人。（注108）德国《世界报》2023年1月15日报道称，人均预期寿命或许是衡量一个国家生活质量有多好，甚至在某种程度上是衡量一个国家有多伟大的最重要标准，美国政客却对此讳莫如深。除新冠疫情外，造成美国人均预期寿命急剧下降的原因还包括药物滥用、枪支泛滥等。（注109）弗吉尼亚联邦大学、科罗拉多大学博尔德分校和城市研究所的学者在《英国医学杂志》上发表的共同研究指出，美国健康水平的不断恶化、死亡率高企以及对少数族裔的持续不公，很大程度上是长期政策选择和系统性种族主义的产物。因新冠疫情造成的大量死亡，不仅体现了美国对疫情大流行的政策选择和不当处理，也反映了几十年来导致美国健康水平恶化的根深蒂固的原因。（注110）
Average life expectancy has significantly declined. A report released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics in August 2022 showed that U.S. life expectancy fell by a total of 2.7 years between 2019 and 2021 to 76.1 years, the lowest it has been since 1996. Non-Hispanic Native American and Alaska Native peoples saw the biggest decline -- a staggering 6.6 years. Dramatic declines in life expectancy are rare in peacetime. Data released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show that, as of Dec. 29, 2022, the United States reported more than 1.08 million COVID-19 deaths, including more than 260,000 in 2022. While U.S. politicians are tight-lipped about the country's average life expectancy, it is probably the most important measure in assessing how good life is in a country and even, to some extent, how great a country is, reported German newspaper Die Welt on Jan. 15, 2023. In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, the causes of the dramatic decline in life expectancy in the United States include drug abuse, gun violence and etc. According to a joint study published in the British Medical Journal by scholars from Virginia Commonwealth University, University of Colorado Boulder, and Urban Institute, the deteriorating health situation, high mortality rates and continued injustice against minorities in the United States are largely the product of long-term policy choices and systemic racism. The mass mortality of COVID-19 reflects not only inappropriate U.S. policy choices in response to the pandemic, but also the deep-rooted causes of the deteriorating health situation in the United States over the past decades.
- 拓展学习：小词详解 | stagger
美国政府罔顾民众健康积极推进大麻合法化。大麻是联合国禁毒公约中被管制的麻醉药品。美国于20世纪70年代颁布《管控药物法》，将大麻列为联邦一级管控物质。美国联邦和各州政府对毒品和药物滥用监管不力，甚至在利益集团游说下不断推动立法使大麻等合法化，导致越来越多青少年成为受害者。加州大学戴维斯分校学者罗宾·戈尔茨坦和丹尼尔·萨姆纳2022年共同出版的研究专著中指出，推动大麻合法化的“白日梦”之一，是意图通过税收使合法大麻“成为政府新的摇钱树”。（注111）目前美国的大麻销售额已超过300亿美元，预计2030年美国大麻市场将达到650亿美元。（注112）根据“公开秘密”发布的数据，2018年至2021年，美国一些大麻及制品相关企业、行业协会等累计花费1660多万美元用于政治游说，年均花费是2016年的约10倍；（注113）2022年用于大麻的游说金额超过560万美元。（注114）大麻利益相关企业、组织和政客进行钱权交易，形成利益集团，放任毒品和药物滥用愈演愈烈，“折射出美政府社会治理的失败”。（注115）
The U.S. government actively promotes the legalization of marijuana regardless of people's health. Marijuana is a controlled narcotic drug by the UN International Drug Control Conventions. In the 1970s, the United States promulgated the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), which classified marijuana as a federally controlled substance. The federal and state governments of the United States have failed to regulate drugs and substance abuse and even pushed for the legalization of marijuana under the influence of lobbyists groups, resulting in more and more young people becoming victims. In their book Can Legal Weed Win? The Blunt Realities of Cannabis Economics published in 2022, Robin Goldstein and Daniel Sumner, researchers with the University of California, Davis, underlined that one of the pipe dreams behind the legalization push is the intention to make legal cannabis a new cash cow for the government through tax. Marijuana sales in the United States have exceeded 30 billion dollars so far, and the U.S. marijuana market is expected to reach 65 billion dollars by 2030. According to the data released by Open Secrets, from 2018 to 2021, some marijuana and products-related enterprises and trade associations in the United States spent more than 16.6 million dollars on political lobbying, with an average annual expenditure of about 10 times that of 2016; In the first three quarters of 2022, more than 5.6 million dollars were spent on marijuana lobbying. Enterprises and organizations profiting from marijuana trade money for power, and form interest groups with politicians, thereby letting drugs and substance abuse going unchecked, a striking demonstration of Washington's failure in social governance.
毒品和药物滥用危及生命健康。美国药物滥用与心理健康服务局的一份调查显示，2020年有5930万12岁以上的美国人滥用毒品，其中4960万人吸食大麻。（注116）美国疾病控制和预防中心网站的公开信息显示，近四成美国高中生长期使用大麻。（注117）美国国立卫生研究院2022年8月发布的一份报告显示，一年内吸食过大麻的美国年轻人比例达43%，使用过致幻剂的美国年轻人比例达8%，有11%的年轻人每天吸食大麻，达到历史最高水平。（注118）曼哈顿政策研究所2022年8月4日发布的研究报告指出，近年来死于毒品和药物滥用的美国人急剧增加，每年超过10万人。（注119）美国疾病控制和预防中心的临时数据显示，在截至2022年8月的12个月期间，发生了超过10.7万起药物过量死亡事件。美国药物评价与研究中心物质使用和行为健康中心副主任玛尔塔·索科沃夫斯卡指出，药物滥用已经成为美国最具破坏性的公共卫生危机之一。（注120）
Drugs and substance abuse endanger life and health. According to a survey released by U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 59.3 million Americans over 12 years of age abused drugs in 2020, of which 49.6 million smoked marijuana. According to public information on the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 40 percent of American high school students use marijuana for a long time. According to a report released by the U.S. National Institutes of Health in August 2022, 43 percent of young Americans have smoked marijuana in a year, 8 percent have used hallucinogens, and 11 percent have smoked marijuana every day, the highest level in record. According to a study released by the Manhattan Institute for Policy Studies on August 4, 2022, the number of Americans dying from drugs and drug abuse has increased dramatically in recent years, by more than 100,000 per year. More than 107,000 cases involving deaths from drug overdose occurred in the 12-month period ending in August 2022, according to data from the U.S. CDC. Marta Sokolowska, the Deputy Center Director for Substance Use and Behavioral Health in FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, pointed out that drug abuse has become one of the most devastating public health crises in the United States.
治理缺位危害环境权。美国广播公司2022年6月21日报道，在路易斯安那州，大量排放的工业废料致使密西西比河沿岸出现诸多“癌症巷”地区，该地区民众因空气污染而患癌的风险较美国其他地区高出95%。（注121）《芝加哥论坛报》2022年7月13日报道，在伊利诺伊州，占当地人口约60%的逾800万居民的饮用水中，检测到至少含一种可能有损健康的“永久性化学物质”。（注122）在环境形势日趋恶化的背景下，美国联邦最高法院却于2022年6月裁定，美国环境保护局无权在未得到美国国会授权的条件下，在州层面限制温室气体排放量，也不得要求发电厂放弃化石燃料转用可再生能源。（注123）联合国秘书长发言人杜加里克指出，美国联邦最高法院的这一裁决，是“全球应对气候变化的一次挫折”。（注124）
The absence of governance endangers environmental rights. The American Broadcasting Company reported on June 21, 2022, that in Louisiana, a large amount of industrial waste has led to many "cancer alleys" along the Mississippi River, which has a 95-percent higher risk of cancer due to air pollution than the rest of the country. The Chicago Tribune reported on July 13, 2022, that at least one per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substance, known as forever chemicals, that may be harmful to health was detected in the drinking water of more than 8 million residents in Illinois, accounting for about 60 percent of the local population. In the context of the deteriorating environmental situation, the United States Supreme Court ruled in June 2022 that the Environmental Protection Agency had no right to regulate carbon emissions without authorization from Congress, nor could it require power plants to switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Stephane Dujarric, a spokesperson for the United Nations, pointed out that the ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States was "a setback in our fight against climate change."
五、妇女儿童权利历史性倒退
V. Historic Retrogression in Women's and Children's Rights
2022年，美国妇女儿童权利保障出现重大倒退。妇女堕胎权失去宪法保护，校园、军队、监狱中性侵犯持续高发，儿童生命安全与合法权益面临严重威胁。
In 2022, a major setback occurred in the protection of the rights of women and children in the United States. Women's right to abortion lost constitutional protection. Sexual assaults in schools, the military, and prisons continued to be high. Children's lives and legal rights were facing serious threats.
禁止堕胎侵犯妇女权利。2022年，美国联邦最高法院推翻了保障妇女堕胎权的“罗伊诉韦德案”和“计划生育联盟诉凯西案”，终结了近50年来受宪法保护的堕胎权，将导致大约一半的州禁止堕胎手术。（注125）路透社2022年12月1日报道，印第安纳州总检察长要求该州医疗委员会对一名医生进行纪律处分，因为该医生为一名10岁的强奸受害者进行了堕胎手术，而俄亥俄州已经禁止在妊娠六周后堕胎。（注126）英国广播公司2022年6月29日报道，美国卫生部长泽维尔·贝塞拉表示，世界其他地区正在采取行动，给予女性应该拥有的各种权利，而美国联邦最高法院却倒行逆施，剥夺宪法确认的堕胎权，这使美国落后于世界其他地区。（注127）时任联合国人权事务高级专员的米歇尔·巴切莱特2022年6月24日指出，美国联邦最高法院关于堕胎的裁决是“对妇女人权和性别平等的巨大打击”，“这一裁决标志着美国通过‘罗伊诉韦德案’保护性健康和生殖健康及权利的努力在50年后遭受重大挫折”。（注128）
Banning abortion violates women's rights. In 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey that guaranteed women's abortion rights. It ended nearly 50 years of constitutionally protected abortion rights and would lead to a ban on abortion in about half of the states. Reuters reported on Dec. 1, 2022 that Indiana's attorney general asked the state's medical board to discipline an Indiana doctor who performed an abortion on a 10-year-old rape victim from Ohio as Ohio banned abortion after six weeks of pregnancy. BBC reported on June 29, 2022, that U.S. Health Secretary Xavier Becerra said: "It is hard to believe that America is taking a backseat, is backsliding, when the rest of the world is moving to give women the kinds of rights they should have had a long time ago." Michelle Bachelet, then UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, pointed out on June 24, 2022, that the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling on abortion is "a huge blow to women's human rights and gender equality." The ruling "represents a major setback after five decades of protection for sexual and reproductive health and rights in the U.S. through Roe v Wade."
妇女遭受性侵犯触目惊心。五分之一的美国女大学生称，在校期间遭到过性侵犯，造成的创伤影响她们整个受教育经历。（注129）美国有线电视新闻网2022年9月1日报道，2021年，美国军队中的性侵犯报告激增13%，近四分之一的女性军人表示在军队中遭受过性侵犯，超过一半的人表示遭受过性骚扰。（注130）美国联邦参议院2022年12月13日发布调查报告指出，过去10年，三分之二以上的联邦监狱发生了监狱管理人员性侵女囚的案件，美国监狱当局共立案5415起。（注131）美联社2022年2月6日报道，2020年共有422起对监狱管理人员性侵囚犯的投诉。加利福尼亚州都柏林的联邦女子监狱被称为“强奸俱乐部”，囚犯们说她们遭受了狱警甚至典狱长猖獗的性侵犯。（注132）
Sexual assaults of women are shocking. One in five female students in the United States said they had been sexually assaulted in college, and the trauma affected their entire educational experience. CNN reported on Sept. 1, 2022 that reports of sexual assaults in the U.S. military spiked 13 percent in 2021, with nearly a quarter of female soldiers saying they had been sexually assaulted in the military and more than half saying they had been sexually harassed. The United States Senate issued an investigation report on Dec. 13, 2022, saying that over the past decade, cases of sexual assault on female prisoners by prison administrators happened in more than two-thirds of federal prisons, with 5,415 cases filed by U.S. prison authorities. The Associated Press reported on Feb. 6, 2022 that in 2020 there were 422 complaints against prison administrators for sexually assaulting prisoners. A federal women's prison in Dublin, California, has been dubbed a "rape club," where inmates say they have been subjected to rampant sexual assaults by correctional officers and even the warden.
枪祸横行威胁儿童生命安全。凯泽家庭基金会2022年10月14日发表报告指出，2011年至2021年，美国近18500名17岁及以下的儿童死于枪支暴力。2021年平均每天有7名儿童死于枪击。（注133）《华盛顿邮报》2022年12月11日报道，2022年美国有超过5800名18岁以下的儿童因枪击受伤或死亡。截至2022年12月1日，涉及儿童的致命枪击事件比2021年增加了一倍多，涉及儿童的非致命枪击事件也增加了80%以上。（注134）美国总统拜登2022年6月公开承认：“枪击已成为美国儿童第一大死因，死于枪击的儿童比死于车祸和癌症的儿童还要多。”（注135）
Rampant gun violence threatens the lives of children. The Kaiser Family Foundation issued a report on Oct. 14, 2022, saying that from 2011 to 2021, nearly 18,500 children aged 17 and under were killed by gun violence in the United States. In 2021, an average of seven children were killed by shootings per day. The Washington Post reported on Dec. 11, 2022 that in 2022, more than 5,800 children under the age of 18 were injured or killed by shootings in the United States. As of Dec. 1, 2022, fatal gun shootings involving children had more than doubled from 2021, and non-fatal gun shootings involving children had also increased by 80 percent. In June 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden publicly admitted that "guns are the number one killer of children in the United States of America. The number one killer. More than car accidents. More than cancer. "
校园枪击案持续高发。美国是世界上校园枪击事件最频发的国家。“K-12校园枪击数据库”的资料显示，2022年美国校园枪击事件数量高达302起，是自1970年以来的最高值；伤亡人数达到332人，是近5年来的最高值。（注136）2022年5月24日，美国得克萨斯州尤瓦尔迪市罗布小学发生严重的大规模枪击案，一名18岁高中生携带在体育用品商店购买的AR-15突击步枪进入校园行凶，19名儿童和2名教师被枪杀，这是自2012年桑迪胡克小学枪击案以来最致命的校园枪击事件。（注137）美国总统拜登在就该事件发表的讲话中承认，自桑迪胡克小学枪击案发生10年来，美国校园里共发生900多起枪击事件，“这种大规模枪击事件世界其他地方很少发生”。（注138）《华盛顿邮报》2022年5月28日报道，自2018年以来，“K-12校园枪击数据库”记录了超过2500起威胁实施校园枪击的事件。（注139）英国广播公司2022年5月25日报道，美国校园枪击事件专家琼森指出，当今的美国年轻人已经成为“大规模枪击的一代”。（注140）
School shootings continue to rise. The United States is the country with the most frequent school shootings in the world. According to the "K-12 School Shooting Database," the number of school shootings in the U.S. in 2022 was 302, the highest since 1970; The number of casualties reached 332, the highest in the past five years. On May 24, 2022, a serious mass shooting occurred at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas. An 18-year-old high school student entered the campus with an AR-15-style rifle purchased at a sporting goods store and killed 19 students and two teachers. The shooting is regarded as the deadliest after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012. In his remarks on the incident, U.S. President Joe Biden admitted that since the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting a decade ago, there had been over 900 shooting incidents reported on school grounds. "What struck me was these kinds of mass shootings rarely happen anywhere else in the world," he said. The Washington Post reported on May 28, 2022, that the "K-12 School Shooting Database" had recorded more than 2,500 instances of threats to carry out school shootings since 2018. According to a report by BBC on May 25, 2022, Cheryl Lero Jonson, an American expert on school shootings, pointed out that young Americans today have become the "mass shooting generation."
儿童贫困率畸高。根据美国人口普查局2022年9月13日公布的数据，2021年美国贫困率为12.8%，儿童贫困率更是高达16.9%。密西西比州、路易斯安那州和华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的儿童贫困率分别高达27.7%、26.9%和23.9%。（注141）美国哥伦比亚大学贫困与社会政策中心的研究指出，美国儿童贫困率从2021年12月的12.1%上升至2022年5月的16.6%，增加了330万贫困儿童。（注142）美国专栏作家杰夫·马德里克所著《看不见的孩子：美国儿童贫困的代价》一书指出，美国是一个历来对贫困持偏见态度的国家，甚至不能就“有多少穷苦的美国人”达成共识，更不用说削减贫困人口和贫困儿童数量了；如果以更公平、更新的标准衡量计算，美国真实的贫困人口约为6000万，真实的贫困儿童数量可能超过2000万。（注143）“儿童贫困问题是美国的国家耻辱”。（注144）
Child poverty rates are disproportionately high. According to the data released by the U.S. Census Bureau on Sept. 13, 2022, the national poverty rate in the United States in 2021 was 12.8 percent, and the child poverty rate was 16.9 percent. In the states of Mississippi and Louisiana, as well as Washington, D.C., child poverty rates stood as high as 27.7 percent, 26.9 percent and 23.9 percent, respectively. Research by the Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University pointed out that the child poverty rate in the United States rose from 12.1 percent in December 2021 to 16.6 percent in May 2022, representing 3.3 million additional children in poverty. The book "Invisible Americans: The tragic cost of child poverty" by U.S. columnist Jeff Madrick points out that the United States is a country with historically biased attitudes toward poverty, which can't even agree on how many poor Americans are there, let alone reducing the number of poor people and poor children; If measured by a fairer and newer standard, the real number of poor people in the United States is about 60 million, and that of poor children may exceed 20 million. "Child poverty in the U.S. is a disgrace."
非法使用童工现象屡禁不止。根据非盈利组织“美国农场工人健康中心”的数据，美国有30万至80万名未成年人在农场工作。（注145）美国《石板》网络杂志指出，美国很多快餐店违反保护儿童健康与教育的规定，雇用青少年超时工作。童工问题屡禁不止，根源是美国法律体系存在漏洞。受新冠疫情和供应链危机影响，美国多地出现“用工荒”现象，多州批准新法案延长未成年人工作时间。根据美国劳工部的数据，2022年，美国有数百万青少年受雇在农业、食品服务、零售、娱乐和建筑行业工作。（注146）路透社2023年2月28日报道，美国非法雇佣童工问题日益严重，自2018年以来，被非法雇用的童工激增了近70%。根据美国劳工部的数据，2022财年有835家企业违法雇用3800名儿童，受雇专门从事危险工作的儿童增加了26%。（注147）《今日美国报》2022年11月13日报道，威斯康星州帕克斯清洁服务公司雇用了30多名13至17岁的未成年人在肉类加工厂和农场担任清洁工。几名未成年雇员在工作中受伤，其中一名13岁儿童被腐蚀性清洁化学品烧伤。（注148）路透社2022年12月16日报道，在阿拉巴马州至少有四家汽车零部件供应商被发现雇佣童工，劳务派遣机构将未成年人移民安置在工厂工作。（注149）时至今日，美国仍是联合国193个会员国中唯一没有批准《儿童权利公约》的国家，解决雇佣童工问题的前景依然黯淡。
Illegal use of child labor persists despite repeated prohibition. According to the figures estimated by the National Center for Farmworker Health, a U.S. non-profit organization, between 300,000 and 800,000 minors were employed on farms in the United States. The Slate Magazine pointed out that fast-food employers have committed a raft of child labor violations, making teenagers work excessive hours that violate limits protecting children's health and education. Constant banning of child labor ends in failure, with the root cause lying in the loopholes in the U.S. legal system. Affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the supply chain crisis, the United States has been suffering labor shortages. Many states passed new bills to extend the working hours for minors. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, millions of U.S. teens were employed in agriculture, food service, retail, entertainment and construction industries in 2022. According to the Reuters' report published on Feb. 28, 2023, the issue of illegal employment of minors has become increasingly serious, where it had seen a nearly 70 percent increase in child labor violations since 2018. According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Labor, in the last fiscal year, 835 companies were found to have violated child labor laws by employing 3,800 minors, and there has been a 26 percent increase in employment of minors in hazardous occupations. The USA Today reported on Nov. 13, 2022 that a Wisconsin industrial cleaning company is accused of illegally employing more than 30 children, ages 13-17, as cleaners in meatpacking plants and farms. Several underage employees were injured on the job, including a 13-year-old burned by caustic cleaning chemicals. Reuters reported on Dec. 16, 2022 that at least four major suppliers of automobile companies have employed child labor at Alabama factories, and staffing agencies supplied those immigrant minors to work in plants. Today, the United States is still the only country among the 193 member states of the United Nations that has not put its signature on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The prospects for solving its problem of child labor remain dim.
青少年监禁条件恶劣。《休斯顿纪事报》2022年8月23日报道，得克萨斯州盖茨维尔市的少年监狱条件恶劣。因严重犯罪服刑的青少年每天被单独关在狭小的牢房里长达23小时。需要去卫生间时，他们只能用空水瓶解决。旨在引导陷入困境的年轻人改过自新的体育项目和其他活动已被取消。他们不能参加课程学习，而只能在牢房里完成一系列工作，这使他们失去了寻求帮助和治疗的机会。（注150）《洛杉矶时报》2022年11月29日报道，洛杉矶县青少年监禁系统混乱不堪。少管所的人员严重短缺，导致青少年斗殴事件丛生和看管人员暴力管教情况增多。日益孤立、缺乏支持和遭受暴力等情况正在损害被监禁青少年的心理健康。一位被监禁的少年说，他觉得自己没有被“当人对待”。（注151）
Conditions of juvenile detention centers are harsh. The Houston Chronicle reported on Aug. 23, 2022 that conditions are poor in the juvenile detention center located in Gatesville, Texas. Teens serving sentences for serious crimes are being locked alone in poky cells for 23 hours a day. Instead of bathroom breaks, they're given empty water bottles in which to relieve themselves. Sports programs and other activities designed to rehabilitate and redirect the troubled young people have been eliminated. Instead of attending class, they get work packets to complete in their cells, which denied their access to counseling and therapy. The Los Angeles Times reported on Nov. 29, 2022 that the juvenile detention system in Los Angeles County was in chaos. The staffing crisis in juvenile detention centers has led to frequent incidents of young detainees' conflicts and violent corrections by prison guards. The increased isolation, lack of supportive structure and violence are having detrimental effects on incarcerated youths' mental health. One incarcerated minor said he didn't feel he was being "treated like a human being."
六、恣意侵犯他国人权践踏正义
VI. Wanton Violation of Other Countries' Human Rights and Trampling on Justice
美国学者约翰·米尔斯海默指出，在“自由主义霸权”政策主导下，倾向于不断发动战争的美国增加了国际体系中的冲突，造成了不稳定。“这些武装冲突通常以失败告终，有时是灾难性的，主要是以牺牲据说是被自由主义的巨神所拯救的那些国家为代价。”（注152）美国在国际社会奉行强权政治，动辄使用武力，挑动“代理人战争”，滥施单边制裁，严重侵犯移民权利，拒不关闭关塔那摩监狱，成为全球和平发展的破坏者、人权进步的绊脚石。
American scholar John Mearsheimer points out that under the "liberal hegemony" policy, the United States tends to constantly provoke wars, which increases conflicts in the international system and creates instability. "These armed conflicts usually end up failing, sometimes disastrously, and mainly at the expense of the state purportedly being rescued by the liberal goliath." The United States pursues power politics in the international community, frequently uses force, provokes "proxy wars," indiscriminately imposes unilateral sanctions, seriously violates the rights of immigrants and refuses to close the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, thus becoming a saboteur of global peace and development and a stumbling block to human rights progress.
海外军事行动造成人道灾难。美国新闻网站“共同梦想”2022年12月20日发表《沃伦和雅各布斯指责五角大楼大大低估了遭美军杀害的平民人数》一文指出，根据总部位于英国的监测组织“空战”的数据，自2001年以来，仅在阿富汗、伊拉克、利比亚、巴基斯坦、索马里、叙利亚和也门等地，美国军队就实施了近10万次轰炸，造成多达4.8万名平民死亡。（注153）布朗大学“战争代价研究项目”发布的研究指出，21世纪以来，美国以“反恐”为名在85个国家开展军事行动，直接导致至少92.9万平民死亡，3800万人流离失所，美国在全球范围的军事行动伴随着对国内外公民自由和人权的侵蚀。（注154）2022年11月30日，一架美国无人机在也门哈德巴地区实施轰炸，造成2名儿童和1名妇女死亡。（注155）“对内对外使用暴力似乎已成为当代美国的一个标志——从时有所闻的枪击事件到先发制人的军事行动和隐形战机发动的空袭。”（注156）
Overseas military operations have caused humanitarian catastrophes. On Dec. 20, 2022, non-profit U.S. media outlet Common Dreams pointed out in an article titled "Warren, Jacobs Accuse Pentagon of Vastly Undercounting Civilians Killed by US Military" that according to data from the UK-based monitor group Airwars, U.S. airstrikes alone have killed as many as 48,000 civilians in nearly 100,000 bombings in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen since 2001. According to data released by the Costs of War project at Brown University, since the 21st century, the U.S. government undertook what it labeled "counterterrorism" activities in 85 countries, directly killing at least 929,000 people and displacing 38 million people. And the U.S. military operations around the world have violated freedom and human rights of people in the United States and other countries. A woman and two children were killed in U.S. drone strikes in the Al-Hadba area of Al-Wadi, Yemen, on Nov. 30, 2022. "... the violence that characterizes the modern United States at home and in its conduct overseas -- from the prevalence of gun -- related deaths to the controversies over preemptive military action and drone strikes."
身居幕后挑动“代理人战争”。为单方面追求自己的利益，美国充当幕后黑手挑起其他国家和地区战乱。《外交政策》特约撰稿人科尔·奎因2022年7月14日发表文章称，美国的军事行动不局限于中东地区，开始越来越多地触及其他国家和地区，只是更为隐秘。布伦南司法中心律师凯瑟琳·扬·埃布赖特将此描述为“轻脚印战术”。在一项名为“127e”的计划中，美国特种作战部队被授权训练代理部队，以执行美国的海外任务。外国武装分子能够获得美国的武装、训练和情报支持，并被派遣执行由美国领导的任务，对付美国的敌人，实现美国的目标。2017年至2020年，五角大楼在中东和亚太等地区启动了23个以“127e”行动为名的“代理人战争”，至少有十几个国家参与，目标对象包括叙利亚、也门、伊拉克、突尼斯、喀麦隆和利比亚等国家。（注157）
Provoking "proxy wars" behind the scenes. In order to pursue its own interests, the United States was the one behind the scenes to provoke wars in other countries and regions. Colm Quinn, a staff writer at Foreign Policy, published an article on July 14, 2022, saying that U.S. operations are no longer confined to the Middle East, but have broadened in geographic scope, only more covertly. Katherine Yon Ebright, counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice's liberty and national security program, described it as "light footprint warfare." Under a program known as 127e, U.S. special operation forces are authorized to train proxy forces to carry out U.S. missions abroad. Foreign militants have access to U.S. arming, training, and intelligence support and are dispatched on U.S.-led missions against U.S. enemies and toward U.S. objectives. From 2017 to 2020, the Pentagon launched 23 "proxy wars" under the name of 127e in the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region. At least a dozen countries have participated in the operations targeting Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Tunisia, Cameroon, Libya, and others.
长期肆意实施单边制裁。近年来，美国对其他国家实施的单边制裁呈指数级增长，极大削弱了被制裁国家人权保障的能力与水平。孟加拉国《每日星报》2022年12月28日报道，美国实施的单边制裁总数为世界之最，目前仍在对20多个国家实施制裁，包括1962年以来对古巴的制裁、1979年以来对伊朗的制裁、2011年以来对叙利亚的制裁，以及近年来对阿富汗的制裁，导致被制裁国家无法向其人民提供基本的食物和药品。（注158）《华盛顿邮报》2022年6月13日报道，近一半的阿富汗人没有足够的食物，儿童营养不良呈上升趋势。（注159）2022年12月20日，多名联合国人权理事会独立专家发表共同声明指出，美国政府对伊朗的制裁加剧了伊朗的环境危害，使所有在伊朗的民众无法充分享受健康权和生命权，侵犯了伊朗人民享有清洁环境的权利。（注160）联合国单边强制措施对人权负面影响问题特别报告员阿莱娜·杜晗2022年11月10日指出，单边制裁加剧了叙利亚人民的苦难，是对人权的严重侵犯。（注161）美国政府肆意实施制裁引发他国人权危机受到国际社会强烈谴责。2022年11月3日，联合国大会就敦促美国终止对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁进行投票表决。在193个成员国中，多达185个国家支持谴责美国对古巴的禁运。（注162）这是联合国大会连续30次通过类似决议。
Long-term arbitrary imposition of unilateral sanctions. In recent years, the unilateral sanctions imposed by the United States on other countries have increased exponentially, which has greatly weakened the capacity and level of human rights protection of the sanctioned countries. Bangladeshi newspaper The Daily Star reported on Dec. 28, 2022 that the United States, the most prolific enforcer of unilateral sanctions in the world, currently has sanctions in place against more than 20 countries, including Cuba since 1962, Iran since 1979, Syria since 2011 and Afghanistan in recent years. Many of them are unable to provide essential food and medicines to their populations. The Washington Post reported on June 13, 2022, that nearly half of all Afghans do not have enough to eat, and childhood malnutrition is on the rise. On Dec. 20, 2022, several independent experts of the UN Human Rights Council issued a joint statement that the U.S. sanctions against Iran contribute to environmental harm in Iran, prevent all people in Iran from fully enjoying their rights to health and life and violate Iranian people's rights to clean environment. On Nov. 10, 2022, Alena Douhan, UN Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of the unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights, stated that unilateral sanctions have exacerbated the suffering of the Syrian people and constitute a grave violation of human rights. The U.S. wanton imposition of sanctions has triggered human rights crises in other countries, which has been strongly condemned by the international community. On Nov. 3, 2022, the UN General Assembly voted for the 30th consecutive time to condemn the American economic, commercial and financial embargo of Cuba with 185 out of the 193-member General Assembly supporting the condemnation.
屡屡蓄意破坏全球气候治理。美国是全球温室气体累计排放最多的国家，人均碳排放居高不下。美国拒不批准《京都议定书》，一度肆意退出《巴黎协定》，迟迟不兑现在绿色气候基金下的承诺。即便重返《巴黎协定》，美国仍未将承诺落实为行动，反而将气候变化议题作为国内党争工具进行政治操弄。美国经济研究公司荣鼎集团2023年1月10日发布的报告显示，美国2022年温室气体排放量同比增长1.3%，履行《巴黎协定》义务缺乏诚意与实效。（注163）布朗大学“战争代价研究项目”发布的研究指出，美国国防部是世界上最大的温室气体排放者之一，自“9·11”事件以来美国的全球军事行动对气候变化做出了“显著贡献”。（注164）
Repeatedly and deliberately undermining global climate governance. The United States is the world's largest emitter with the most greenhouse gas emissions in cumulative terms, with its per capita carbon emissions staying high. It refuses to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, once arbitrarily withdrew from the Paris Agreement, and delayed fulfilling its commitments under the Green Climate Fund. Even after returning to the Paris Agreement, the United States has not yet turned its commitments into actions. Instead, it has used the issue of climate change as a partisan tool for political manipulation. According to estimates released by the U.S. economic research company Rhodium Group on Jan. 10, 2023, the U.S. greenhouse gas emissions increased by 1.3 percent year-on-year in 2022. The country lacks sincerity and effectiveness in fulfilling the obligations under the Paris Agreement. The Costs of War Project released by Brown University finds that the U.S. Defense Department is one of the world's top greenhouse gas emitters. Post-9/11 U.S. military actions around the globe have "contributed significantly" to climate change.
排外移民政策制造人间惨剧。美国在南部边境地区大规模逮捕入境移民，制造严重的人道主义危机。2022年近240万移民被拘留在美国边境，比2021年增加37%，创下历史新高。（注165）移民的生存权遭受严重威胁。福克斯新闻2022年10月22日报道，2022年美国南部边境移民死亡总数达856人，是死亡人数最多的一年。（注166）《墨西哥新闻日报》2022年11月16日报道，得克萨斯州州长格雷格·阿博特宣布移民“入侵”美墨边境，表示要采取派遣国民警卫队驱逐非法移民、在边境地区部署炮艇等措施保卫边境安全。（注167）美国有线电视新闻网2022年12月16日报道，美国移民政策使移民和寻求庇护者陷入危险，数千人遭到绑架、性侵犯或暴力袭击。（注168）政治极化下的移民政策严重撕裂，移民沦为党争工具，“抛甩”移民闹剧大规模上演，面临极端仇外和残酷对待。美国有线电视新闻网2022年12月26日报道，包括儿童在内的100多名移民在2022年圣诞前夕，被运至华盛顿并遗弃在路边。当时的气温低于冰点，而一些移民在寒冷的天气里只穿着T恤。（注169）联合国人权事务高级专员沃尔克·图尔克批评道，美国政府边境移民政策对寻求庇护者的基本权利构成威胁，破坏国际人权和难民法的根基。（注170）
Exclusive immigration policies create tragedies. The United States arrests migrants on a large scale in its southern border area, creating a serious of humanitarian crises. Nearly 2.4 million migrants were arrested at the U.S. border in 2022, an increase of 37 percent over 2021 and the highest number ever recorded. Migrants' right to life is seriously threatened. Fox News reported on Oct. 22, 2022 that 856 migrants died at the U.S. southern border in 2022, the highest number on record. Mexico News Daily reported on Nov. 16, 2022 that Texas Governor Greg Abbott declared an "invasion" of migrants at U.S.-Mexico border, saying that he would take measures such as dispatching the National Guard to expel illegal immigrants and deploying gunboats to secure border security. CNN reported on Dec. 16, 2022 that U.S. immigration policies put migrants and asylum seekers at risk, with thousands abducted, sexually assaulted, or violently attacked. The immigration policy has been severely torn apart due to political polarization. Migrants have been reduced to a tool of partisan divide, facing extreme xenophobia and cruel treatment. The farce of "dumping" migrants has been staged on a large scale. CNN reported on Dec. 26, 2022 that more than 100 migrants, including children, were transported to Washington D.C. and abandoned on the roadside on Christmas Eve in 2022. The temperature was below freezing, and some migrants wore only T-shirts in the frigid weather. Volker Türk, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, criticized the U.S. government's border immigration policy as a threat to the basic rights of asylum seekers and undermines the foundation of international human rights and refugee law.
拒不关闭关塔那摩监狱。2002年设立的关塔那摩监狱最多时曾关押约780人，其中大多数人未经审判便遭拘留，受到了残忍的、不人道的待遇，是美国“肆意侵犯人权的一个丑陋篇章”。（注171）联合国人权理事会在反恐中促进和保障人权问题特别报告员菲奥努阿拉·尼奥莱因等多名独立专家2022年1月发表共同声明指出，臭名昭著的关塔那摩监狱是美国在人权保护上的污点，要求美国政府关闭关塔那摩监狱，对遭受酷刑、任意拘留的公民进行赔偿，并根据国际法追究授权和实施酷刑的人员的责任。（注172）
Refusing to close Guantanamo Bay detention camp. Guantanamo Bay detention camp, established in 2002, once held up to about 780 people, most of whom were detained without trial and were subjected to cruel and inhuman treatment. The camp is "an ugly chapter of unrelenting human rights violations" by the United States. Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, and other independent experts issued a joint statement in January 2022, pointing out that the notorious Guantanamo detention facility is "a stain on the U.S. Government's commitment to the rule of law." They demanded that the U.S. government close it and provide remedy and reparation for those egregiously tortured and arbitrarily detained, and hold those that authorized and engaged in torture accountable as required by international law.
（双语来源：新华社；注释部分请点击：查看原图）
