本文经授权转载自微信公众号:田间小站
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外刊例句
- Disputes that might have been swept into a new trade round have fallen to the WTO’s dispute-resolution machinery, which is too slow and too frail to carry the burden.
一些争端本可能会进入新一轮贸易谈判,然而世贸组织的争端解决机制太过缓慢和脆弱,无法承担此重负。
——《经济学人》 - I was once taking care of a frail, older patient who came to the hospital feeling very short of breath. It wasn't immediately clear why, but her breathing was getting worse.
我曾经护理过一位年老体弱的病人,她来到医院时感到呼吸急促。当时未能立即查明病因,而她的呼吸问题却越来越严重。
——《纽约时报》
基本释义
[adjective] (of a person) weak and delicate
[形容词] (指人)虚弱和纤弱的
深入解读
看到 frail 一词,不难联想起小站(微信公众号:田间小站)两个月前推送过的 熟词僻义 | rail 是一种怎样的抱怨? 来,该词的拼写恰是在 rail 前多了一个字母 f ,记起来比较容易。
从词源上看, frail 与熟词 fragile (易碎的;脆弱的、虚弱的;纤巧的、精致的)同源,都是源自拉丁语 fragilis (易碎的),14世纪中期出现在英语中后,最初本用来表示“意志薄弱的、抵挡不住诱惑的”,即性格或道德上软弱的,缺乏抵抗力,古时也曾用来委婉形容妇女“不贞洁的”。
等到了14世纪末, frail 才开始用来表示现在的基本含义指事物“脆弱的、易碎的、易损坏的、不坚实的”,强调容易遭受破坏或失败,无力应对反对或破坏力量,比如:
- 他那辆不坚实的车在弯道处失去控制,一头扎下堤岸。
His frail car went out of control on a bend and plummeted down an embankment.
这个概念用在人身上,则相应表示“虚弱的、纤弱的、瘦弱的、娇弱的”,尤指老人等因经常生病而身体瘦弱,强调体质上的自然娇弱或体格上的纤弱,比如:
- 她那睿智的老祖母已逐渐衰弱到无法独居。
Her sage old grandmother was becoming too frail to live alone.
总的来说, frail 与 fragile 常可以互换使用,但是 frail 的语气没有 fragile 的语气强。换句话说, fragile 相对而言更为脆弱或更容易遭受破坏。
此外,在美国俚语中,自1908年起开始用 frail 表示“女人、少女、少妇”,这可能源自于莎士比亚的名句“Frailty, thy name is woman.(脆弱啊,你的名字是女人!)”
名著用例
Frail, fine-boned, so white of skin that her flaming hair seemed to have drawn all the color from her face into its vital burnished mass, she was nevertheless possessed of exuberant health and untiring energy.
看来外表娇弱,骨骼纤秀,皮肤白皙得好像那火焰般的头发把她的脸上的全部血色都吸收到这炫亮的一丛里来了,可是她却有着充沛的精神和不倦的体力。
出自美国作家玛格丽特·米切尔(Margaret Mitchell)创作的长篇小说《飘》(Gone with the Wind)。
同近义词
- feeble: lacking physical strength, especially as a result of age or illness
- fragile: (of a person) not strong or sturdy; delicate and vulnerable
- infirm: not physically or mentally strong, especially through age or illness